A Guide to Policy Essay Topics

A Guide to Policy Essay Topics The Unusual Secret of Policy Essay Topics Currently there are many on-line essay writing companies based in numerous regions of the planet. You're along side given a completely free plagiarism report for a sign of excellent service and original on-line essay. The pricing of our on-line essay is dependent on various elements. Our on-line essay service is about providing students with premium quality writing. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Laws are necessary to safeguard the dignity of each civilian so that any danger of abuse can be avoided through law enforcement activities. Public policy and the law are often controversial topics it's no wonder that numerous individuals say you shouldn't speak about politics since it can lead to a great deal of heated argument. Reviewing social policies on a normal basis is vital as it seeks to regulate a current law, which might enable new tactics and policies to stabilize. Life After Policy Essay Topics School should occur in the evenings. Essays are sometimes a challenging assignment for many students. Textbooks ought to be free. Every American should learn how to speak English. Make certain your topic can be argued well by either side, try to choose a subject that's popular but also wide. You must look for a topic you may write about most passionately and effectively. Also you need to be genuinely interested to find more information regarding the subject. Persuasive essay topics don't always must be of a significant nature, you can write about things that are linked in your life. The more information you may gather about the subject, the better prepared you'll be for writing your essay. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Still, figuring out the ideal topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student. You would like your paper to be noticed, meaning you don't wish to select the simple topic and have your paper reflect precisely the same thing every one's paper does. You should also constantly review your paper, to make sure your topic drives with what it is you're writing about. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to be certain you opt for a fantastic topic before you commence writing. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points which you can counter to your own points. You do not need to any excess cost for absolutely any personal essay revision because it's your right to receive the best personal essay from us. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Write the introduction you can Now sit down to begin writing your essay. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Look at our list of characteristics and when you have any questions whatsoever, don't hesitate to speak to us. When you're selecting an essay topic, it's important to choose one which has a lot of information and statistics to back up your standpoint, and don't exaggerate any info you have chosen to write about. Analyze your findings Once you've gathered information, you can begin to analyze what you've found. Prove to them that you're right dependent on the available info, not based on experience.

New Versus Traditional Terrorism Similarities and...

Pantha rei Ââ€" as it was stated by the Greek philosopher, Heraclites of Ephesus (sixth and fifth centuries B.C.) Ââ€" everything flows, everything changes. Change in the contemporary world is an extremely fast process. Nothing remains the same as it was in the past. In political science especially, some notions (e.g. sovereignty) demand redefinition. The changing nature of all things also includes the political concept of terrorism. The official approach to this changing terrorism is rather complicated. The terrorist of yesterday is the hero of today, and the hero of yesterday becomes the terrorist of today . There is then a great need to know what contemporary terrorism is and what it is not. Terrorism is a calculated use of power to†¦show more content†¦The terrorists do not perceive themselves as terrorists. They simultaneously refuse to be bound by rules of warfare and codes of conducting a conflict. They are also a fundamental altruists who believe that they serve a good cause designed to achieve greater good for a wider constituency - whether real or imagined - which the terrorist and his organization purport to represent, This is true because a terrorist without a cause is not a terrorist, as Konrad Kellen said. The terrorist is a fundamentally violent intellectual prepared to use, and indeed committed to using, force in the attainment of his goals. Like twentieth century totalitarians, todays Islamic fundamentalist fanatics are convinced that they posses absolute truth. This truth is immune from refutation or criticism. They believe that force and terror are necessary to establish a utopia in place of the current decadent and corrupt world. Unlike the followers from the past centuries, todays terrorists draw inspiration from religious radicalism. Therefore religion marks the clearest difference from the old terrorism. Now the need to be heard is not only an expression of anger, feeling helpless, and alone, as we can observe jihad as an international violent phenomenon fulfilling the gap in absence of revolutionary ideology. Modern terrorists see violence as an end in itself.Show MoreRelatedContemporary Issue in Eastern Religions1627 Words   |  7 PagesElias, Jonah, John the Baptist, and Jesus, peace be upon them. But God s final message to man, a reconfirmation of the eternal message and a summing-up of all that has gone be fore was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through Gabriel. Islam is not a new religion, but the same truth that God revealed through all His prophets to every people. For a fifth of the world s population, Islam is both a religion and a complete way of life. Muslims follow a religion of peace, mercy, and forgiveness, and theRead MoreThe World Perception of the Muslim Culture2534 Words   |  10 Pagesthe one that has been the most misunderstood by outsiders is the Islamic religion. Because of the unfortunate actions in the recent news committed by a handful of terrorist extremists who claim to be obeying the rule of their God, but who are in reality only bent on destruction and death, many ignorant people of the world mistakenly associate the religion with terrorism. Practitioners of Islam, called Muslims, are not violent people. The vast majority of Muslims are hard-working, caring individualsRead MoreInsurgency4485 Words   |  18 Pagesstarted to occur in works of the 1960s;[7] they are still common in recent studies.[8] Sometimes there may be one or more simultaneous insurgencies (multipolar) occurring in a country. The Iraq insurgency is one example of a recognized government versus multiple groups of insurgents. Other historic insurgencies, such as the Russian Civil War, have been multipolar rather than a straightforward model made up of two sides. During the Angolan Civil War there were two main sides: MPLA and UNITA. At theRead MoreIslam Is A Religion Of Hate2563 Words   |  11 Pageswoman who is promiscuous goes against the laws of God and should be punished; otherwise, the Quran accords women far more rights and privileges then Christian women were (MacEoin, D., 2013). The term Jihad is automatically associated with terrorism and the holy war. Many Muslims and Islamic scholars still cannot agree as to the true meaning, but it does translate as a struggle against evil, to lead a pure life and to serve in the purpose of God. Unfortunately, radical groups such as the IslamicRead MoreEvolution of Human Resource Management7638 Words   |  31 Pageswe offer an overview of how human resource management in Asian countries and corporations is evolving in the face of rapid business growth and integration into the global economy and we describe how the articles in this Special Issue contribute to new knowledge and insights regarding key issues, challenges, and evolution in the field of HRM in Asia. Driven by the combined forces of rapid gross domestic product growth in many Asian economies and their further integration into the global business arenaRead MoreGlobal Cultural Analysis: Italy Essay3313 Words   |  14 Pagessustainability and strength in supporting globalization and foreign alliances. Italy’s Dimensions of Culture Culture is a key aspect of who we are. It shapes us. Culture defines us as diverse beings with traditional differences that can be found in our beliefs, customs, and morals. These differences allow us to distinguish ourselves from other societies or groups. From birth, culture is embedded deep within- as we learn the patterns and behaviors that are the accepted norm. Over time diverse culturesRead MoreHurricane Katrina s Impact On New Orleans Essay3140 Words   |  13 PagesMigration, whether permanent or temporary, has always been a traditional response or survival strategy of people confronting the prospect, impact or aftermath of disasters (Hugo 1996). However, today, more than ever, the complex nature of disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in the city of New Orleans, bring with them an enormous potential for the uprooting of large numbers of people. The increasing complexity of disasters is rooted in the interplay of social and economic factors in the environmentRead MoreDi fferences Between Modern Liberalism And Modern Politics3421 Words   |  14 Pagesinto two different political majority parties which carry different ideologies yet similar interests (within themselves). We have to understand these parties and dominant ideologies to even comprehend American politics and understand the similarities and differences of ideologies of parties. Both ideologies of modern conservatism and modern liberalism are rooted within classical liberalism/conservatism and how it has evolved into our modern day versions according to factors of present and past-dayRead MoreEssay about Rational Choice Theory in Political Science4404 Words   |  18 Pageschoice theory has indeed developed advanced methodologies at telling us how rational agents should behave. Then in my second section I will show, using the empirical case of the free-rider problem and collective action, as well as the case of suicide terrorism, that rational choice theory cannot adequately account for actual political phenomena. In my third section I will provide some reasons for why this is the case. Finally, in my concluding section I will posit a theoretical framework incorporatingRead MoreMcdonalds Global Growth7110 Words   |  29 Pagesthis means the consumer is familiar with the brand and will buy it. McDonald’s used standardised promotion methods. McDonald’s turned away from an unchanged menu to a menu that is trendy and innovative. McDonald’s change its menu to keep up with the new trend of eating healthy. McDonald’s expanded its menu and extended its store hours. They benefit from the trade down of consumers from more expensive eating places. McDonald’s growth is due to finding good real estate locations, management of distribution

Biometric Systems Essay Example For Students

Biometric Systems Essay Biometric SystemsAs defined in Computer Security Basics by OReilly ; Associates, Inc. Biometrics is the use of a persons unique physiological, behavioral, andmorphological characteristics to provide positive personal identification. Biometric systems that are currently avaiable today examine fingerprints,handprints, and retina patterns. Systems that are close to biometrics but arenot classified as such are behavioral systems such as voice, signature andkeystroke systems. They test patterns of behavior not parts of the body. It seems that in the world of biometrics that the more effective thedevice, the less willing people will be to accept it. Retina pattern devicesare the most reliable but most people hate the idea of a laser shooting intotheir eye. Yet something such as monitoring keystroke patters people dont mind,but its not nearly as effective. Biometric verification is forecast to be a multibillion dollar market inthis decade. There is no doubt that financial credit and debit cards are goingto be the biggest part of the biometric market. There are also manysignificant niche markets which are growing rapidly. For example, biometricidentification cards are being used at a university in Georgia to allow studentsto get their meals, and in a Maryland day care center to ensure that the rightperson picks up the right child. In Los Angeles, they are using fingerprints tostop welfare fraud. And theyre also being used by frequent business travellersfor rapid transit through immigration and customs in Holland, and now at JFK andNewark airports in the United States. It could also be used to simply preventone employee from punching in for some one else, or to prevent someone fromopening up an account at a bank using a false name. Then there is also thesecurity access market, access to computer databases, to premises and a varietyof oth er areas. The Sentry program made by Fingerprint Technologies uses several devicesat once. The system first prompts for a user name and password. Then they musthave their fingerprint scan match what is on record. They can also use a videocamera for real time video to capture photographs which can be incorporated intothe data base. The time to scan and gain entrance to the building take from 6to 10 seconds depending on what other information the operator wishes the userto enter. The system also keeps on record three of the individuals fingerpatterns incase one of the others is injured. Biometrics is still relatively new to most people and will remainexpensive to purchase good equipment until it becomes more popular and thetechnology gets better. And as people become more aware of how the systems workthey will become more accepting of the more secure systems and not shy away fromthem as much. The future of access control security is literally in the hands,eyes, voice, keystroke, and signature of everyone. Computers and Internet

Pairnoia Essays - Pictures Of Spaceships, Alien Invasion

Pairnoia Most people believe that the first REAL proof of alien invasion was that associated with Roswell, New Mexico, but some people believe differently. Since the earliest man learned to paint, there have been pictures of spaceships and rockets on cave walls. These flying objects have supposedly brought the message that the world will end in the year 2000, but the same end of the world chaos was experienced just before the year 1000 as well. Irrelevance, however, sets in when we come to terms with the fact (as Jean Donnely would tell us) that according to the Israelites, it is one thousand, nine hundred and ninety seven years anno domini, when in reality it is a scam, and time is at least three years off anyway. So the big question that is aroused is...Does anybody care Death is inevitable, and weather it comes naturally, with emphysema, AIDS, or the end of the world, or even by means of alien abduction is irrelevant. One then cant help but be lead to believe (By Isaac Asmiov) that the real question amounts to: DO MOTHS ACTUALLY EAT THE CLOTH, OR ARE THEY JUST TRYING TO FIND THEIR WAY THROUGH?...Which sparks further interest: are moths blind? Each answer seems to rely arabesquely on the next, and it seems that if one answer were slightly miscalculated, that the whole process of human embodiment would cease to exist. For instance, if moths are blind, then why are they so drawn to the light on the other side of the cloth? Or if indeed they can see, then why don't they just fly right around? This further drives thoughts into the theory that our ?pinkie? fingers are getting smaller with evolution and will eventually lack presence, as will happen alike with every other feature of our physical body. This process will leave us in Einstein's hypothetical pinnacle-of-evolution or as the most advanced spices...a giant ball of energy with no bodies. So does Evolution really even exist? I plan on self termination before the day I care to find the answer to these unknown, leaving you back towards the beginning...Does anybody care?...NO!

Constitution essays

Constitution essays The United States is globally recognized as a beacon of freedom and democracy. Its statue of liberty, defiant tale of independence, and gradual domination of this world produce a certain aura of infallibility. This reverence is especially evident in the manner in which people view the Constitution. Robert A. Dahl challenges this outlook of perfection and instead pinpoints the approval of slavery, three-fifths compromise, the inconceivable power of the Supreme Court, and the reasoning behind the composition of the Senate as examples of the undemocratic features of a seemingly democratic nation. The United States endorsement of slavery casts a dark shadow over its further demands for freedom. In fact it comes as no surprise that issues regarding this are the first to be assessed by Dahl. Article I section 9 forbade Congress to abolish such an inhuman practice. While Article IV section 2, as the author contends, adds insult to injury by complacence with the notion that one should return such a Person held to service or labor in one state in other words, a runaway slave to its master. These two examples require no great explanation as to why they fail to be democratic. The institution itself denies freedom and yet the three fifths compromise actually includes these people in the states portion of seats in the House of Representatives. The author and Dahl observe this as another flagrant illustration of absolute disregard for democracy, and more so, common humanity. The Supreme Court and its policies are regarded as the final authority on any major legal issues in this Country. Its decisions actively affect according to Dahl... the lives and welfare of millions of Americans (88). The author briefly mentions the School segregation question, and other inequalities that were remedied by this system of justice. Yet he also included several controversial cases such as Dred Scott v. Sanford, an...

What Is the LaTeX System (An Overview) Proofed

What Is the LaTeX System (An Overview) Proofed What Is the LaTeX System? (An Overview) In the context of academic writing, the word â€Å"LaTeX† usually refers to the document preparation system.* This system is common in the sciences, computing, and engineering subjects. But what exactly is this system? And how does it work? Check out our guide to find out. What Is LaTeX? LaTeX (pronounced â€Å"lay-tech†) isn’t quite like Microsoft Word, where the formatted text you see on screen is what you get when you print out a document. Instead, LaTeX is a plain text system. Formatting a LaTeX document therefore involves using markup tags (i.e., commands in the text that control how the document will appear). These markup tags also control the structure of the document and provide a simple way to insert and format mathematical formulae. Once written, you can export the .tex file produced to create a pre-typeset document. Creating a LaTeX Document How, then, do you create a .tex file? Technically, since LaTeX uses plain text, you can do it in any text editor. However, most dedicated LaTeX editors come with a preview option so that you can see how your document will look while writing it. And we recommend using one of these editors. LaTeX Base, for example. Whichever editor you choose, you can simply type up your document as usual. However, you’ll also need to add markup tags to apply formatting and to structure your paper. For instance: This â€Å"section† tag tells the document to begin a new numbered section in a paper. The text in the curly brackets, meanwhile, will become the title of that section. We’d therefore need to apply this tag wherever we wanted to begin a new section in the document. Common Markup Tags There are many LaTeX tags and commands. Common examples include: Markup Tag Function Example \documentclass Defines document type (e.g., article, book) \documentclass{article} \title Sets the document title \title{How to Prepare a LaTeX Document} \author Sets the author name to be displayed \author{Barry Rushden} \date Sets the document date \date{November 2018) \begin Starts a new environment in the document (i.e., the style for a passage of text) \begin{document} \end Ends a document environment \end{document} \maketitle Adds a title page to the document \maketitle \section Begins and sets the title for a new numbered section \section{Structuring a Document} \subsection Begins and sets the title for a new numbered subsection \subsection{The Introduction} Some of these, such as the â€Å"documentclass† tag, are used in every LaTeX document. Other tags are optional. Try using some the tags above in a practice document to see how they work. * May not be true if you are studying the commercial use of Hevea brasiliensis.

Nursing Case Study Assessment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Assessment - Case Study Example This shows that she is staining to breathe. The other priority problem that the nurse should note in the diagnostic statement is that Jane is experiencing dehydration. Dehydration is shown by dryness of the lips and the fact that her skin has lost its turgor and has become (Shen, Johnston and Hays, 2011). The other priority problem that should be noted by the nurse is that the patient is experiencing pain. During the examination it is observed that Jane is having problems forming sentences and she is not able to take Ventolin. Q2. During the diagnosis, it has been identified that Jane’s oxygen saturation is alarming which suggests that the oxygen saturation are 90 percent of Room air. To deal with this problem, the nurse will use the four components of the nursing interventions. The intervention will be performed by the nurse who will be in contact with the patient for most of the time during her stay in the hospital. The other nursing component that will be included in the in tervention is performance of respiratory evaluations of the respiratory rate and effort that Jane is using when breathing (Shen, Johnston and Hays, 2011). Assessment of the respiratory rate is critical given that Jane has already shown signs of having problems in breathing and asthma is usually characterized by respiratory problems. The other nursing intervention to be implemented to rectify the problem is to carry out frequent assessment of the patient at least once daily. Frequent monitoring will allow the nurse note the progress of the patient and in case any emergency care is required, a physician can be called in immediately. The fourth nursing intervention that will used to rectify the problem is to administer pain relief to the patient. This is because the patient has shown signs of being in pain (Shen, Johnston and Hays, 2011). Q3. During the assessment of Jane, it becomes evident that she is experiencing chronic pain as she coughs. According to Gagnon (2011), pain is a subj ective symptom and when measuring pain, the medical practitioner aims at identifying pain location, its intensity, temporal patterns, relieving factors and interference. It is hard to measure pain that Jane is experiencing given that she is an infant and has difficulties in communication. However, the best assessment tool should be relying on behavioral assessment of the child. The nurse should therefore observe facial expression as the child coughs and how she makes facial expression after medication has been administered. Therefore the best tool for the case should be the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale which uses to evaluate the level of pain based on the face. Q4. The recommended dosage of paracetamol is 15mg of paracetamol per kilogram. This is calculated by dividing 210 by 14 which gives 15mg per kg. Therefore the dosage recommended by the RMO is correct. Q5. Given the age of Jane and her present condition that gives her difficulties when swallowing, the nurse can utilize d ifferent strategies to administer paracetamol to her. The nurse can administer the paracetamol through a syringe placed at the corner of the mouth after which the nurse pushes the syringe slowly to release the medicine into the throat of the child (Ganzewinkel et.al., 2012). The other strategy that the nurse can use is by giving the paracetamol using a teat bottle where Jane will suck the medicine. The nurse may also administer the pa

Financial Future Of British Petroleum Term Paper

Financial Future Of British Petroleum - Term Paper Example The U.S. completed negotiations with BP Plc to establish the $20 billion fund that will compensate victims of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill† (Blum & Snyder). 20 billion dollar is a huge amount for BP and such a huge amount given as compensation caused severe financial problems in BP and the company is currently on the verge of bankruptcy. BP forced to appoint a new CEO in their last-minute effort for survival. This paper is trying to answer the questions like; where BP stands on the market now, where it is going and where it might end up. BP plans to sell assets for up to $30 billion over the next 18 months, primarily in the upstream business and selected on the basis that they are worth more to other companies than to BP. This portfolio high grading will leave the company with a smaller but higher quality Exploration & Production business. The company said it was taking a prudent approach to manage the balance sheet and its financial liquidity, in order to ensure that BP has the flexibility to meet all of its future financial obligations. As a result, it plans to reduce its net debt level down to a range of $10-$15 billion within the next 18 months, compared to net debt of $23 billion at the end of June (BP Sets Out Gulf of Mexico Costs, Further Asset Sales and Strong Operating Performance) BP is currently doing everything possible to stay in the market. It is not in a position to utilize some of its projects effectively because of their weak financial abilities at present. BP has realized that some of these projects can be managed more effectively by others and the market value of these projects are more than what BP would be able to derive out of it.

The Importance of Being Earnest Criticizes the Victorian Society Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Being Earnest Criticizes the Victorian Society Essay In The Importance of Being Earnest, author Oscar Wilde criticizes the Victorian society. His characters represent the Victorian era and have twisted views on issues regarding intense emotions such as love and marriage. They do not fully appreciate these concepts and either disregard them or confuse them with emotions that lack depth. Wilde depicts his Victorian society as superficial and incapable of love that is not shallow. In his comedy, both women, Gwendolyn and Cecily, believe to be head over heels in love with a man named Ernest. The reason for their love is simply that the name Ernest is appealing to them. In fact, Cecily has achieved her lifetime goal. She states, â€Å"†¦It had always been a girlish dream of mine to love someone whose name was Ernest† (Wilde 159). Loving a caring or intelligent man was not a priority. The basis of her love was a name. Wilde illustrates the ridiculous nature of his Victorian characters and their ludicrous perceptions of love. Wilde’s characters do not seem to connect intimate emotions with the word â€Å"love. Though Cecily had never met Ernest, she developed a relationship between them entirely in her head. Upon meeting him for the first time, she begins to talk about the letters she received from him. When he tells her he has never written to her, since they have never met, she says, â€Å"†¦ I was forced to write letters for you I wrote always three times a week and sometimes oftener† (158) Cecily and Ernest are supposedly in love but the only thing they share are the letters Cecily wrote to herself in Ernest’s name. There is no real affection between them and the only thing holding their â€Å"relationship† together is her attraction to his name. In Wilde’s comedy, the concept of marriage is not seen as something to cherish but rather as inconvenient and bothersome. In an exchange between Algernon and his servant, Lane, Lane mentions that married couples often have an inferior quality of wine compared to bachelors. Algernon answers, â€Å"Is marriage so demoralizing as that? † (116). To Algernon, marriage is not at all important if it means sacrificing the quality of wine. Wilde is criticizing the priorities of the Victorian era as being irrational and impractical. Rather than being in a loving, satisfying marriage, the Victorian bachelor prefers to sip fancy wine. When Jack tells Algernon about his plans to propose to Gwendolyn, Algernon states that proposing is not romantic whatsoever and that nothing is romantic about a â€Å"definite proposal† (118). He even says, â€Å"Divorces are made in heaven† (118). Algernon’s contempt for marriage is obvious and feels that divorce is an excellent solution to the terribleness of marriage much like most of society today. Wilde depicts the Victorian society as superficial and hypocritical. His observations relate to modern society. People in this age look for certain qualities in their ideal partner, most of which are based on image. Instead of learning to love, one pushes aside his potential love of his life if they do not meet these shallow qualifications. The public is taught to toss aside anyone with any minor imperfection instead of seeing any amazing characteristics they may have. Celebrities are seen with their gorgeous partners and the public uses them as models of a perfect relationship. This is done without fully realizing that most of these â€Å"power couples† were matched up by publicists and do not share tender emotions for one another. Society is not taught how to love. This explains the 50 percent divorce rate. To Modern society, like Wilde’s Victorian society, divorce is holy.

Bullying in School Essay -- essays research papers fc

It was a bright sunny Saturday morning. All the neighborhood children were playing soccer at the homeowners’ picnic. There was a new kid on the block; a quiet fellow by name of Mustafa. I saw him sitting with him mother the whole time. He never came to play with the other children. I automatically termed him a ‘mama’s boy’. So I invited him to play with us. At first he refused. Ultimately him mother convinced to come and play with us and that we were really harmless and that it would be really good for him. What nobody else knew was that I did not invite him to play because I wanted to play with him. I only wanted to make fun of him, and for that I needed him to leave his mother’s lap. As soon as he came to play I started to make fun of him. On hearing what I had to say about the innocent kid, all the others joined in teasing him. It was the first time that boy had come to play with us and we made him cry. Now the nickname ‘glue Mustafa’ (because he was always glued to his mother) stayed with him for a very long time. Eventually he got fed up. He told the other kids and me on many occasions to stop teasing him. He could not complain to anybody because nobody thought it was really that bad. And so he decided to take matters into his own hands. He figured that the only way he could defend himself was to be part of a gang. And so at the tender age of 14 he was already a part of the ‘Iggypura’. Good morning to you all. I want to tell you about bullying little children in sc...

Managing Creativity of Shanghai Tang Essay

Shanghai Tang was founded by David Tang in Hong Kong in 1994. It was a retail store selling high quality product made in China, such as traditional Chinese costumes, Chairman Mao wrist watch, qipao, traditional Chinese silk products with Chinese design. Its target customers at the first place were those high ended tourists. Taking around 1 year, instead of 2 year which is typical period a new retailers need to make business in break even, Shanghai Tang turned its first profit in October 1995. Shanghai Tang later entered an agreement with the Richemont Group which is a famous Switzerland-based luxury goods maker. David Tang thought Shanghai Tang would become China’s first international luxury brand. Like other ambitious entrepreneur, in Nov 1997, Tang opened the first Shanghai Tang store on Madison Avenue in New York USA. However, things were not going the way it was supposed to. Not many people liked what Shanghai Tang was selling. Unfortunately, the financial crisis worsened the situation, and it had to scale down the business. By 2001, Tang had reduced his stake in Shanghai Tang to near 5%, so the Richemont Group took control of the company. Appointing executive chairman of Shanghai Tang in September 2001, Raphael Le Masne, who then employed a new creative director, Joanne Ooi, having intensive experience in international garment business. With correct insight and vision, hired more in house designers, and fixed the right directions, they were successfully turning Shanghai Tang around. Image of Chinese-themed high-end fashion and lifestyle emporium had been established. Sales and global coverage had been increased a lot from 2001 to 2008. By summer of 2008, company had more than 40 stores in 14 countries all over the world. Things will never run smooth, at the same time, Joanne had handed in her resignation. An increasing conflict within company between creators and commercial departments also gave big headache to Raphael who always relied on Joanne to smooth things out. During that time, the global financial crisis was striking the whole world economy again, while China, still with double digit increase in GDP every year, was considered a shelter and gold mine for every business. Shanghai Tang has no exception, but tried to expand its business in China market. Should Shanghai Tang hire a new creative director under this uncertain economic time? How to strike a balance between creativity and the  profit? How the company can maintain its success? How the company should adapt its strategy to make it successful in China market and other potential global markets? These were the main challenge Shanghai Tang were facing. Analysis Conflicts between Creativity/Innovation and Business Sense As a business, the past success factors are always considered as a critical factor. Business people have a tendency not to deviate this much in order to maintain the success. On the other hand, it will certainly jeopardize the creativity and innovation from designers especially it is considered it is too much different from the successful factors or past evidences already prove it had not worked out. For creative people, they always tend to be very trendy and creative, so they try to make something completely new which is of course totally different than the past. However, like Shanghai Tang, it had experienced a very bad time, and a new design strategy set by Le Masne and Ooi, had made the company turn around. It just likes an endless cycle – company having a success factor, makes itself become successful in terms of profit and image, then it will resist to change and the success may last for another couple of years. At the end, with emerge of new competitors, change in economy or whatever reason, past success factors may no longer work. The company may be forced to think deeply in creativity and business innovation, but it is always too late. A real successful company must be able to continue its success factors, but new elements must always be needed to be added in its business. In Shanghai Tang, from design process to the start of mass production, there was heavy involvement from a Product Committee which comprise the designers, executive chairman, the creative director and key business managers like retail /marketing/ merchandizing directors. To help designers to understand how different products perform in the market, they received reports from the retail and marketing departments regularly. Those reports mainly revealed the sales and customer feedback to different items. Designers also had to follow the company norm â€Å"Shanghai Tang DNA† which contains 2 major elements – Chinese-ness and the use of bright color. Excellent design but expensive to produce will be eliminated. Designers are also paid a salary plus bonus based on KPI such as its generating revenue and ability to innovate. It can simply observe  that there were too much constraints to the design process. Potential generating revenue becomes a very important element to determine the success of the new design. New design which is not similar with past success factors is unlikely to survive. The consequence is that it will eliminate some new elements which make the company even successful in future. Shanghai Tang has 2 main business streams – core collection and seasonal collection, which about 50/50 in terms of revenue. In fact, for its seasonal collection, extra room should be given to the design teams, and more deviation from Shanghai Tang DNA should be allowed. It can let the company to test the water temperature in the market and to get more insight how the market is changing. It would not impact to its core business. Shanghai Tang could even think of the 3rd stream which more innovation would be allowed. The bonus scheme for designers would also be linked to the recognition of their design. The Shanghai Tang DNA should be reviewed from time to time to keep pace with the market trend to make sure the new fashion elements will be captured. Thus, those designers will be motivated and encourage to participate in the theme of their design. As Shanghai Tang is a high end fashioned product, it should not be limited to high manufacturing cost as well. Margin can be set higher for products with nice design but higher manufacturing cost. Replacement of Creative Director Ooi was going to leave Shanghai Tang, but the global economy was in the tough situation. Le Masne was in a dilemma to hire a new replacement or let the whole team to continue the work. Considering the fact that the Creative Director is the soul of the company which can define the main frame of the products and company direction, it is indeed an urgent matter that they have to hire the new replacement or promote internally. Promoting internally may create conflicts inside the team, and it doesn’t add any new element to the team. Unless there is someone very outstanding, Shanghai Tang could look for a competent replacement externally. Working a whole team without leader is not going to work especially there are too much conflicts between the design and commercial teams and no one is able to resolve it. Expanding China Market Shanghai Tang had around 10 shops in China. It also had 9 shops in Hong Kong which can be considered crossover between eastern and western culture, not pure Chinese taste. The Chinese society accounted totally half of its total shops all over the world. However, looking deeply to its customer profiles, its major customer group was still USA and Europe. The Chinese customer in mainland China market was just over 50%. American and European might be in favour of existing product design in Shanghai Tang. However, it doesn’t imply that the Chinese customers are with the similar taste. Foreigners may be in favour of design with fashion and absolute Chinese styled, but Chinese may desire the design with mix of Chinese and Western style, and do not want it to be too Chinese. They may be even reluctant to accept the goods â€Å"Made in China†, as there was a trend wealthy people tend to buy foreign luxary brand. Shanghai Tang had experience that different culture may have different taste. Design had to be fine tuned somehow to fit different culture. In terms of customer age group, excluding Mainland China market, the target age group was those between 36 to 45. However, in China market, there’s also 40% of customer from age group 26-35. Among the 7 key in house designers in Shanghai Tang, though 3 of them were Chinese, they did not really have exposure in China. For the rest, they were foreigner but had certain exposure in eastern fashion industry, not much in China yet. It was proven their design can quite hit the western market with age group 36-45, but it did not imply it will work perfectly in China market and younger age group. It is advisable that Shanghai Tang should conduct a thorough research in China to define the Chinese taste. Moreover, they should also bring in some designers with Mainland Chinese exposure. They should also add in innovation elements into the business in order to compete the market shares in China. â€Å"Jacket in Chinese, skirt in more western† may not work for US/European customers, but it may work perfectly in China market. Using the famous western celebrities to promote its brand in China may increase its awareness effectively. Chinese may not perceive Shanghai Tang as â€Å"Real Chinese Stuff† only, but also an icon of western fashion. Conclusion Though Shanghai Tang had been quite successful in the past years, it cannot simply stick to it. It has to keep its creativity and innovation, and bring new elements to the company. Thorough preparation is essential for its battle in Mainland China Market.

Make Within Social Boundary Architecture Essay

Relationss are the bonding that people make within societal boundary. But relation in the workplace is wholly different from that we create in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life within societal boundary. Personal dealingss are bound upon with trust, religion, dealingss ( personal ) and same with the professional dealingss. Both types of relation demand clip spread. Difference between personal and professional dealingss can be classified as follows:Relationss in the workplace is clip devouring and may be lasting or long-run based.As they both are focused on common nonsubjective & A ; ends, there might be possibility of high competition and it is frequently possibility that both of them fight against each other. And leave no rock unturned to get the better of each other.One can merely hold common trust, religion and regard and it should be from both the side.Peoples working in the workplace should hold high emotional quotients and should hold o point of difference between pers onal and professional emotionsTypes of dealingss that exist in the work topographic pointEmployer and employeesManager and subsidiaryColleagues and colleaguesInternal service supplier ( finance, human resource etc. )External agents ( sellers, clients, clients etc )High group peopleIt is seen that deficiency of trust in dealingss in workplace consequences really dearly-won to company and loss can non be made out in figures. Lack of trust can do the determination devising procedure hold. It besides consequences in deficiency of communicating procedure. Healthy trust dealingss besides affects the motive and regulation of parties involved. Hence there ‘s a figure of inquiry ariseFactors that help to do common trust dealingss between the workplaceWhat factors spoil that trustFrom where the trusts startsHow to keep trustWhat are the steps taken to cover the trust etc?Following factors play an of import function in constructing trust in work topographic pointAlways use cool words and ne'er get the better of your wordsCommunicationss should be fast, free and honestHave trust on your organisation and its endIts consistence and dependabilityGood and effectual responseIntegrity and equalityAppraisal of endowment, cognition, moral support and experience of the squad members and employeesCommittedness towards workTherefore we can state that quality of relationship is justified by trust. In larger organisation, you can non pull off the trust that you experience, but you can move in figure of ways that build your trust indoors continuously with the work environment. When people moving under such guidelines of openness, hone stness, tolerance & A ; regard, it will take to confidence and security. This will automatically make trust among organisation. If there is no such trust in relationship of organisation, a big sum of energy is wasted such as redundancy and rework. trust: a new vision of human relationships for concern instruction, household & A ; personal life † the whole book is on hope. This is really much practical, inspirational and based on research. The book shows many dimensions of trust and they areUnresearchableUnrefundableâ€Å" The universe and the people in it ARE trusty†¦ the hereafter is in us and it is bright. â€Å" – Jack R. GibbARTICLE 1Today, we all have such busy lives, what with the family jobs, societal activities and work ; we barely get to pass any clip with our kids. But as you know, passing quality clip with your kids is one of the most of import things in conveying them up. It is through this that the bond between kid and parent is strengthened, and the kid begins to number on you and swear you. Parents who spend adequate clip with their kids find that their kid is making better in school, avocations and athleticss. Though you can schedule the clip you spend with your kid, spontaneousness is ever the best option. Therefore, it is best you spend clip with your kids in a relaxed environment and that you do things that you can both bask. You might be inquiring where you will happen that sort of clip. But you need to prioritise and delve out adequate clip from your busy agenda. Here is a list of things you could make with your kid to do the most of the clip you have available. Go through the list of family jobs and see which you can go forth out or pass lesser clip on in order to save some clip. You can besides maintain some jobs for after your kid ‘s bedtime so that you can pass that clip with your kid. You can even do some of your modus operandis together interesting. You can sing vocals together on your manner to twenty-four hours care. You can even utilize the clip spent in the auto while driving to and from school to discourse things traveling on in your kid ‘s life. When you have two or more kids, it is of import to give each single attending. It might be hard for you and you might truly hold to seek really difficult, but make certain you are originative and flexible while disbursement clip with each kid. And at no cost should you call off out on clip spent with each kid. If you do this, the kid may experience that he or she is less of import than the food market shopping or the dry cleansing. Children need routine and stableness, so guarantee that the quality clip you plan takes topographic point on a regular basis. You can utilize weekend forenoons to take the Canis familiaris for a walk together, or you can take one twenty-four hours per hebdomad to hold an eat out. There are many ways of disbursement clip together, merely do certain that it counts.ARTICLE 2Durable and Best Quality Pex Tools Available HerePex tools are merchandises that carry much importance among the general plumbing goods. The Pex tools enable the user to suit or mend any plumbing merchandise. They are flexible plenty to easy path around some of the braces and other things that are in the manner of your old house or work topographic point. Pex tools are specialized-they fit the occupation. For illustration, if you buy a handle puller to draw bath or shower spigots, you will besides necessitate a box terminal or hollow-core socket twist to take wadding nuts which are soft brass, easy distorted and practically impossible to replace. The crimping tool, clamping tool, expander tool, wirsbo tool and Pex tools are manufactured while taking attention of its usage. They are made of light weight stuff that enables them to be carried off. As tools are largely required to be carried so the Pex tools are made of lasting size that can easy suit in your tool kit. The usage of pex tools enables you to suit other plumbing merchandises. The flexible and ready to hand Pex tools decrease the pex pipe installing and fix clip while increasing its productiveness. Pex pipes are suggested for every sort of usage for hot and cold H2O distribution. The Pex pipes are available in many colourss largely two different colourss red and blue are used by maximal users as it is helpful in distinguishing different sorts of H2O supply. The size of the pipe lines can besides be taken as per the demand. Pexsupply.com is a best resource for Pex tools or Pex pipe where you would acquire choice merchandise at the most low-cost monetary values. We offer best and robust merchandises that would maintain you free from all kinds of jobs. Having consideration of all its client ‘s necessities, every merchandise supplied by PexSupply.com is free from any sort of irritations. Customer ‘s satisfaction and trust are the lone kinds we look for while enabling you to acquire clasp of best merchandises harmonizing to your suitableness.ARTICLE 3Paid Online Surveys – Introduction and How to Get these Most Reliable, Easiest and Trusted Source of Online Work to Make MoneyApaid surveyis aweb based questionnaireanswered by an person for utilizing a peculiar merchandise or service. It is a web basedresearch toolfor finding thequality, popularity and usage of a peculiar merchandise or service. Companies pay for studies because they are able to straight advance their product.1000 ‘s o f companies are despairing for your opinionsbecause your feedback enables them to make merchandises that people will desire to purchase†¦ That ‘s where you come in! In thecurrent clip of recession, it is non easy to gain much money to carry through all your dreams but still in this current clip of economic crisis ( recession ) , gaining through paid studies is a boonforteenagers, unemployed individuals, pupils, stay-at-home mas, retired people, or for anyone who wants to gain excess income from place. In the present clip, even the adolescents can gain money online take parting in paid online studies because cyberspace is easy available for about all teenagers.At present, 15-year-old teens can prosecute in online occupations. Gaining with paid online studies is much better than any other occupation for adolescents because it is much respectful, easy, dependable and honoring. In footings of location, working at place is most comfy topographic point and in footings of experience, noexperience is required for take parting in paid online studies so it is the best place online work non merely for adolescents but besides forstay-at-home mas, retired pe ople, unemployedpersons or for anyone wants to gain excess on-line income from home.If you participates in paid online studies so it isnot a waste of clip. If you dedicate small of your clip in paid studies, you can gain a good net income. Earning on-line money with paid studies is so easy thateven a individual with no anterior cyberspace working experience can do good extra incomein his/her trim clip. There areseveral ways to gain money through paid surveys- by merely read electronic mails, by complete studies and by store for merchandises that you want.Cash and gifts.Wagess points, which converts into even more hard currency.Referral wagess, whenever you refer others to take part.Lucky draw entriesand the opportunity towin antic awards.Your ownshopping e-mallwhere you get hard currency back on all your purchases.You get: You can gain adequate money with all these activities. Spending justa few proceedingss fillingout ashort study and you merely made $ 1- $ 20 in less than 5 minutes.There isno bound of earningwith paid on-line studies. It depends on how much clip you devote for it.Some individuals devote their full clip take parting in studies so they are doing a batch of money.Believe it that take parting in paid online studies is one of the best, most dependable, easy and original online activity to gain an enomorous sum of money. But the inquiry is thathow a individual seeksthe companies paying for participatingin online studies. The answeris to happen the companiessearch them on any serach engineorjoin alegitimate paid study sitewhich charges a small one clip fees for its rank. With these, you can gain in legion ways:You can acquire paid to take on-line studies and do from $ 5 to $ 75 each, or more.$ 50- $ 150 per hr to take part in on-line focal point groups.You can acquire paid to take phone studies and you can gain every bit much as $ 120 an hr.Try and maintain new merchandises and acquire paid excessively.Plus much much more†¦Do n't pay a individual dimeto any company to fall in study sites toget free paid online studies. After deep analysis, we prepare a list of severalbest legitimate paid surveyspanels to fall in and get down doing animmediate on-line income. Select one, more or all of them, fall in these panel/panels and acquire paid to take studies. Depending upon your profile, you are invited f or a peculiar study which satisfy your age and manner of living.By finishing each study, study takers get reward in footings of hard currency, points etc. Engagement in paid study is fun, interesting, and financially rewarding, and is merely unfastened to registered members.ARTICLE 4Nokia Mobile Phones- Trusted for QualityOver the Years Nokia has come up with some advanced phones that have given people broad assortment of characteristics and astonishing installations. These phones are true chef-d'oeuvres that are full of advanced characteristics. These French telephones have great expressions and characteristic easy interactivity that make them highly user friendly. These devices offer better installations to the users. Nokia is theiconof huge success and mammoth credibleness in the universe ofmobilephones. It is an organisation that has led the nomadic industry to new highs with its advanced engineering and good organized strategic planning. Every merchandise from this innovator maker is crafted with great attention and quality. It is the utmost difficult work and client oriented ends of Nokia that has helped the trade name to prolong in the extremely dynamic and competitory universe of nomadic phones. The nomadic industry has taken tremendous roar in the last few old ages. It has become one of the most powerful and preferable trade names across the Earth. This trade name has created a particular topographic point in the heads and Black Marias of the clients with its emotional and human esthesia that creates a feeling of belonging amongst the clients. Its slogan â€Å" Connecting People † has been able to make a particular relationship with the clients across the Earth. Over the past few old ages, it has gained huge credibleness and adulation by the users. The company has been able to make particular topographic point for itself in the heads and the Black Marias of the users by offering them astonishing merchandises with great quality. Customers trustNokia phonesfor theirhighperformanceand great public-service corporation. The unbelievable French telephones from Nokia offer great lastingness and amazing public presentation to the nomadic users. Nokia N series Mobile phones are extremely advanced and sophisticated. They offer a complete array of advanced characteristics alongwith great expressions. Few surprisingly and stupefying phones from the company include Nokia N95, Nokia 6500 Slide, Nokia 7900 and Nokia Prism etc. Nokiaphoneshave great battery backup, amazing design and amazing picture capturing capablenesss. These phones are highly advanced and merely enchant the users. Nokia 6500 Slideis an amazing phone with a arresting design. It has fantastic and elegant steel brushed casing. The phone opens up with an highly smooth slide action. It has an unbelievable 3.2 mega pel camera with Carl Zeiss lens. The French telephone has a 2.2 inches big level LCD screen with 240 tens 320 pels declaration. The device has advanced Television out map with which assorted images and pictures can be viewed on the telecasting. Its camera has the advanced characteristics like LED flash and digital rapid climb. The phone besides offers astonishing music with its FM wireless. Nokia 7900 Prism has one of the most arresting designs in the nomadic phones section. It does non merely look astonishing but besides offers great convenience. Its alone light scenes give you surprisingly great feeling. The phone has efficient camera with which you can enter all the beautiful minutes of your life with great manner. The French telephone has support for Bluetooth connectivity, internet entree installation and many other characteristics. The Nokia Prism is your high tech, extremely glamourous phone which helps you create that perfect feeling. EachNokiamobilephoneis an illustration of great efficaciousness and manner. High tech characteristics, great looking designs, astonishing camera and user friendly interface make these French telephones a much desired object of everybody.ARTICLE 5Learn to Develop Trust in Your RelationshipsIt can non be said enough that trust is the ground tackle in any and every relationship that we maintain in our lives. The said relationship may attest in the signifier of a friendly relationship, concern, household or even love – whatever it might be, the most cardinal facet to that relationship has to be trust in and esteem for each other. You must understand that, for any relationship to work out and bloom farther, you have to constantly work at keeping and beef uping that ‘trust ‘ factor. Any relationship eventually breaks down if there is utmost deficiency of trust in it. No affair how hard you try, that bond will ne'er be able to boom wholly without both parties absolutely understanding and accepting each other ‘s motivations. Not puting adequate trust means that there exists a batch of concern and uncertainty in that association Of class, it sometimes gets hard to wholly swear person, particularly if you have been hurt in some manner in a past relationship of some sort. So how do you unlearn your conditioning from all those old unfortunate experiences and larn to acquire back that swearing quality you one time possessed?Accept and swear yourselfTo unlearn all the negative forms of idea you have developed through the old ages, you have to first learn to allow travel of the yesteryear. Forgive yourself and others for all errors committed and all the misinterpretations that have come in the manner. Admit your errors and accept yourself for what you are. All of us have our negatives, some which we merely have to larn to populate with. Learn to swear yourself and your ain capablenesss. You will merely be able to cast your mistrusting attitude if you foremost learn to accept, trust and love yourself. Remember, the macro is the micro. The external universe, for us, is merely a manifestation of our internal egos. If we continue to be positive, we will hold positive experiences in our ain lives.Learn to allow travelLearning to allow travel is a major measure towards casting that over-watchful attitude of yours. This measure is most indispensable if you are sing an dismaying sum of turbulency in your relationship with your spouse or partner. It happens really frequently that little daily brushs over some genuinely cockamamie grounds eventually snowball out of all proportion and make an irreparable rift between both parties concerned. Learn to take it easy and speak with the individual concerned and show your feelings and ideas openly. Besides, do non maintain an â€Å" history † of anything. Let the water under the bridges be bygones – go forth entirely the past and concentrate on constructing a better tomorrow with your relationship. Of class, it has to be noted here that a relationship merely will non work out right if one is seeking to take undue advantage of the other. If you are being the victim in such a state of affairs, the lone manner out for you would be to stop meeting that peculiar individual and walk out of that relationship wholly. In decision, you should understand that any relationship ne'er wholly works out unless there is a complete, 100 % trust between both you and the other individual involved. So learn to halt doubting people ‘s motivations and larn to put trust in each and every one of your relationships, get downing today!Quality in workplaceThere is a difference between functional literacy and workplace literacy. Functional literacy may be defined as written information that maps in society whereas workplace literacy is defined as communicating accomplishment that is necessary for working in todays workplace. These skill include effectual communicating, direct authorship ability and work outing jobs. Most of the companies are be aftering to better the accomplishments of their employees. It can be seen that with the overpowering populations, human resource executives have increased communications accomplishment ( 80 per centum ) and interpersonal accomplishment communications ( 75 per centum ) . But there is a shriveling figure of companies undergoing with employment trials.MANAGEMENT QUALITY AND THE GOOD WORK PLACEgood work topographic point is a construct in new focal point. It is given a new focal point through positive actions but besides through negative studies of hapless on the job conditions. Management quality is an organisational construct. It says that how the organisation involved high quality of direction and leading in all parts of organization.persons who are appointed as directors consequences in good direction skills.it is ever said that whenever a good workplace is to be started, it shoul be started from a hapless work-place as get downing point. It may be seen f rom the ill-defined duties, no feedback or response, unfairness in rewards, publicities and dismissals, deficiency of personal chances, hapless environment. Work topographic point is characterised by uncertainness, ill will and fright of challengers. There is a barbarous circle, between deficiency of motive and trust will take to low productiveness, which in bend forces cost decrease and menaces offlay. Those who can make this can travel to the better employers. This consequences in work burden and internal competition. illness and absenteeism are erased by impermanent marks of advancement. This manner trust and motive additionsCREATING TRUST AMONG TEAM Memberskeep one another self-pridesupport & A ; praise one anothermaintain sensitive information confidentialstand up for one anotheravoid chitchat or unjust unfavorable judgment of othersappreciate one another ‘s accomplishment & A ; differences.Trust is really of import to organisational public presentation, and anchor to good leading. If executives have high trust environment, squads are effectual and people work better and they feel positive for their work. Trust minimizes the cost of edifice concern. Research measured the six factors fundamental to swear:abilityunderstandingequityopennessunityconsistenceIt is for senior leaders, trustiness is wholly determined by merely two factors:abilityunityLeaderships who want to hold trust among the employees, personal unity is non easy to pass on. Real personal unity can non be obscure thing. It is hard to portion and easy to comprehend through learned and developed. â€Å" signal value † is the term used on work on bettering. This says that behavior tally your values that you have. Gap should be reduced between leaders and employees in big organisations. It provides chances to acquire in communications with the staff, beliefs and trust physique. It chiefly focuses on:Treating people reasonablyListen to themTry to be consistent in behaviourTrust physiqueHard workRegular senior directionUnexpected POWER OF TRUSTWorkplace trust is the thing that join two single each other and the organisation mission. The organisational trust promotes productiveness and quality by relationships at all degree. trustworthy workplace is good relaxed, unfastened, originative and productiveness. Where trust is absent there is no bound of growing and there there will be no chances.DecisionThis survey consequence in intermediate procedure that find relationship between work constructions and organisational committedness. This consequences suggests that create conditions that empower to pattern harmonizing to criterions of profession and that working dealingss within an ambiance of trust and regard.Mentions:www.medscape.comwww.trustispower.comwww.amazon.comwww.landers.comwww.medscape.comwww.ebscobooks.com

Cesar E. Chavez essays

Cesar E. Chavez essays When a person hears the name Cesar Chavez, a person thinks of a mans fight for his people. As a fellow human being I am proud that he was Hispanic just like me. Well for me he wasnt a regular Jose but someone with the power and strength to say I had it with what was going on, for that I call him a wonderful and brave man. The story of Cesar Chavez begins in Yuma, Arizona. He was born March 31,1927. Cesar Estrada Chavez was names after his grandfather Cesario Chavez. As a small child Cesar learned many things. As a child Cesar learned first hand how hard it was to be a brown man in a white mans land. Cesars family, The Chavez family, was swindled from their house and farm by dishonest whites. Cesar learned a lesson about injustice that he would later in counter. Cesar said the love for justice that is in us is not only the best part of our being but it also the most true to our nature. Like I said this man had the mentality of someone you read in LA OPINION. In my dark eyes Cesar was the Mexican, white people feared him left and right and prayed that Cesar would look the other way or they would loose their fortune. To me that is an accomplishment beyond a lot of peoples reach. As a young child Cesar did not like school that much, I mean I dont either, but his reasons were much better that mine becau se all of the teachers were Anglos and only spoke English, and that wasnt it, if the school staff caught u speaking Spanish they would hit you with a size 12 inch ruler. Cesar and his brother attended from 38 schools to 70 schools. Cesar only graduated from the 8th grade and could not attend high school because his father, Librado, had an accident and could not work because of it. So as the oldest child of the family Cesar put away his plans for the future to support his family both mentally and physically. As Chavez grew older he started back his journey in aca...

A Look at the History of Computers

A Look at the History of Computers Before the age of electronics, the closest thing to a computer was the abacus, although, strictly speaking, the abacus is actually  a calculator since it requires a human operator. Computers, on the other hand, perform calculations automatically by following a series of built-in commands called software. In the 20th century,  breakthroughs in technology allowed for the ever-evolving computing machines that we now depend upon so totally, we practically never give them a second thought. But even prior to the advent of microprocessors and supercomputers, there were certain notable scientists and inventors who helped lay the groundwork for the technology thats since drastically reshaped every facet of modern life. The Language Before the Hardware The universal language in which computers carry out processor instructions originated in the 17th century in the form of the binary numerical system. Developed by German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the system came about as a way to represent decimal numbers using only two digits: the number zero and the number one. Leibnizs system was partly inspired by philosophical explanations in the classical Chinese text the â€Å"I Ching,† which explained the universe in terms of dualities such as light and darkness and male and female. While there was no practical use for his newly codified system at the time, Leibniz believed that it was possible for a machine to someday make use of these long strings of binary numbers.​ In 1847, English mathematician George Boole introduced a newly devised algebraic language built on Leibnizs work. His â€Å"Boolean Algebra† was actually a system of logic, with mathematical equations used to represent statements in logic. Equally important was that it employed a binary approach in which the relationship between different mathematical quantities would be either true or false, 0 or 1.   As with Leibniz, there were no obvious applications for Boole’s algebra at the time, however, mathematician Charles Sanders Pierce spent decades expanding the system, and in 1886, determined that the calculations could be carried out with electrical switching circuits. As a result, Boolean logic would eventually become instrumental in the design of electronic computers. The Earliest Processors English mathematician Charles Babbage is credited with having assembled the first mechanical computers- at least technically speaking. His early 19th-century machines featured a way to input numbers, memory, and a processor, along with a way to output the results. Babbage called his initial attempt to build the world’s first computing machine the â€Å"difference engine.† The design called for a machine that calculated values and printed the results automatically onto a table. It was to be hand-cranked and would have weighed four tons. But Babbages baby was a costly endeavor. More than  £17,000 pounds sterling was spent on the difference engines early development. The project was eventually scrapped after the British government cut off Babbage’s funding in 1842. This forced Babbage to move on to another idea, an analytical engine, which was more ambitious in scope than its predecessor and was to be used for general-purpose computing rather than just arithmetic. While he was never able to follow through and build a working device, Babbage’s design featured essentially the same logical structure as electronic computers that would come into use in the 20th century. The analytical engine had integrated memory- a form of information storage found in all computers- that allows for branching, or the ability for a computer to execute a set of instructions that deviate from the default sequence order, as well as loops, which are sequences of instructions carried out repeatedly in succession.   Despite his failures to produce a fully functional computing machine, Babbage remained steadfastly undeterred in pursuing his ideas. Between 1847 and 1849, he drew up designs for a new and improved second version of his difference engine. This time, it calculated decimal numbers up to 30 digits long, performed calculations more quickly, and was simplified to require fewer parts. Still, the British government did not feel it was worth their investment. In the end, the most progress Babbage ever made on a prototype was completing one-seventh of his first design. During this early era of computing, there were a few notable achievements: The tide-predicting machine, invented by Scotch-Irish mathematician, physicist, and engineer Sir William Thomson in 1872, was considered the first modern analog computer.  Four years later, his older brother, James Thomson, came up with a concept for a computer that solved mathematical problems known as differential equations. He called his device an â€Å"integrating machine† and in later years, it would serve as the foundation for systems known as differential analyzers. In 1927, American scientist Vannevar Bush started development on the first machine to be named as such and published a description of his new invention in a scientific journal in 1931. Dawn of Modern Computers Up until the early 20th century, the evolution of computing was little more than scientists dabbling in the design of machines capable of efficiently performing various kinds of calculations for various purposes. It wasn’t until 1936 that a unified theory on what constitutes a general-purpose computer and how it should function was finally put forth. That year, English mathematician Alan Turing published a paper titled, On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, which outlined how a theoretical device called a â€Å"Turing machine† could be used to carry out any conceivable mathematical computation by executing instructions. In theory, the machine would have limitless memory, read data, write results, and store a program of instructions. While Turing’s computer was an abstract concept, it was a German engineer named Konrad Zuse who would go on to build the world’s first programmable computer. His first attempt at developing an electronic computer, the Z1, was a binary-driven calculator that read instructions from punched 35-millimeter film. The technology was unreliable, however, so he followed it up with the Z2, a similar device that used electromechanical relay circuits. While an improvement, it was in assembling his third model that everything came together for Zuse. Unveiled in 1941, the Z3 was faster, more reliable, and better able to perform complicated calculations. The biggest difference in this third incarnation was that the instructions were stored on an external tape, thus allowing it to function as a fully operational program-controlled system.   What’s perhaps most remarkable is that Zuse did much of his work in isolation. Hed been unaware that the Z3 was Turing complete, or in other words, capable of solving any computable mathematical problem- at least in theory. Nor did he have any knowledge of similar projects underway around the same time in other parts of the world. Among the most notable of these was the IBM-funded Harvard Mark I, which debuted in 1944. Even more promising, though, was the development of electronic systems such as Great Britain’s 1943 computing prototype Colossus and the ENIAC, the first fully-operational electronic general-purpose computer that was put into service at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. Out of the ENIAC project came the next big leap in computing technology. John Von Neumann, a Hungarian mathematician whod consulted on ENIAC project, would lay the groundwork for a stored program computer. Up to this point, computers operated on fixed programs and altering their function- for example, from performing calculations to word processing. This required the time-consuming process of having to manually rewire and restructure them. (It took several days to reprogram ENIAC.) Turing had proposed that ideally, having a program stored in the memory would allow the computer to modify itself at a much faster pace. Von Neumann was intrigued by the concept and in 1945 drafted a report that provided in detail a feasible architecture for stored program computing.  Ã‚  Ã‚   His published paper would be widely circulated among competing teams of researchers working on various computer designs. In 1948, a group in England introduced the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, the first computer to run a stored program based on the Von Neumann architecture. Nicknamed â€Å"Baby,† the Manchester Machine was an experimental computer that served as the predecessor to the Manchester Mark I. The EDVAC, the computer design for  which Von Neumann’s report was originally intended, wasn’t completed until 1949. Transitioning Toward Transistors The first modern computers were nothing like the commercial products used by consumers today. They were elaborate hulking contraptions that often took up the space of an entire room. They also sucked enormous amounts of energy and were notoriously buggy. And since these early computers ran on bulky vacuum tubes, scientists hoping to improve processing speeds would either have to find bigger rooms- or come up with an alternative. Fortunately, that much-needed breakthrough was already in the works. In 1947, a group of scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a new technology called point-contact transistors. Like vacuum tubes, transistors amplify electrical current and can be used as switches. More importantly, they were much smaller (about the size of an aspirin capsule), more reliable, and they used much less power overall. The co-inventors John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley would eventually be awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956. While Bardeen and Brattain continued doing research work, Shockley moved to further develop and commercialize transistor technology. One of the first hires at his newly founded company was an electrical engineer named Robert Noyce, who eventually split off and formed his own firm, Fairchild Semiconductor, a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument. At the time, Noyce was looking into ways to seamlessly combine the transistor and other components into one integrated circuit to eliminate the process in which they had to be pieced together by hand. Thinking along similar lines, Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, ended up filing a patent first. It was Noyce’s design, however, that would be widely adopted. Where integrated circuits had the most significant impact was in paving the way for the new era of personal computing. Over time, it opened up the possibility of running processes powered by millions of circuits- all on a microchip the size of a postage stamp. In essence, it’s what has enabled the  ubiquitous handheld gadgets we use every day, that are ironically, much more powerful than the earliest computers that took up entire rooms.

The Development of Islamic Law and its Role in Contemporary Pakistan Research Paper

The Development of Islamic Law and its Role in Contemporary Pakistan - Research Paper Example Despite a long Islamic history, the role that Islamic law plays in the country is still being determined. This can be seen in the way that the Islamic Pakistan has formed and matured, the turbulent leadership that the country has experienced and the attempt to realign Pakistani values and law with Islamic. Thus, Pakistan is not an area of unshakeable values and truths, but of ever-changing and developing ideals and laws. The Development of Islamic Pakistan To understand the role that Islamic law plays in contemporary Pakistan, the first aspect is to consider the way in which Pakistan has developed, and what has influenced Pakistani laws. Pakistan is a rapidly growing country that once was predominately agricultural, however, now other aspects of industry are beginning to take precedence. In particular, exports are predominately textile, clothing and agricultural in nature. Pakistan is considered to be a middle-income country, but despite its considerable economic growth social progre ss has been much slower (Talbot, 1998, p. 23). The most well-known example of this is the rights of women, who are treated as second-class citizens in Pakistan and have restricted rights. Other indications of the slow progress that the country has been making include the life expectancy, which is currently 66.35 years and the fact that less than three percent of the country’s gross domestic product is spent on healthcare (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). It is thought that part of the driving force behind this slow civil growth is the strong focus on religion and tendency to get involved in religious politics. This can be seen by a strong focus on spending in defense, despite the clear inadequacies in health and education spending (Talbot, 1998, p. 23). Pakistan achieved independence from Britain in the early years after the Second World War. From this point onwards, the nation called itself The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Korson, 1974, p. 1). Pakistan presents an intere sting case in the eastern world, as the nation was initially developed in the name of religion, despite the concept that such nationalism was un-Islamic and represented a betrayal to the ideas and ideas of Islam (Talbot, 1998, p. 12). Thus, Islamic religion has always played an important role in the development of the country, although the exact role has varied as different governments have come into power. In fact, the development of Islam as the ideology for the state was not initially undertaken because of a desire to follow Islamic teaching. Instead, Pakistan’s leaders used this as a method of developing and growing the identity of the country following its independence (Haqqani, 2004). Because of this, Islam was not a strong focus of the laws of the country in its early development. Nevertheless, Islamic perceptions have become strongly embedded in the history of Pakistan and in its current identity, particularly in recent times. The values of Pakistan, which have influe nced the development of the country as a whole as well as its laws, are strongly based in the Islamic religion (Talbot, 1998, p. 24). Islam is more than a religion that the country abides by, its language and rhetoric has been strongly incorporated into the law. This incorporation has been so strong

Discuss and Evaluate the Role of Religion In the Formulation and Essay

Discuss and Evaluate the Role of Religion In the Formulation and Practice of Foreign Policy - Essay Example What are the potential for positive and negative outcomes of this? Do religious differences always result in war, or can differing countries unite to answer other needs? Religion is an important element in establishing identity, both for the individual, and nation states. However, sovereign states have a history of religious intolerance towards other religions, both within their domains, and with other nations. When you start making foreign policy based on religion, and particularly when it’s fuelled by religion based on absolute beliefs, you get some horrific results (Rappaport). The current differences in faiths becomes important when you consider that terms such as ‘Fundamentalist’ or ‘Crusaders’ are polemical terms which serve to label every member of that religious group as extremist and threatening: The term fundamentalism is used polemically to polarize the debate and eliminate the middle ground†¦little distinction is made among islamic tr aditionalists, neo traditionalists, radical and militant islamists, while liberal and reformist currents in Islam are ignored (Fundamentalism discourses: enemy images WAF).... Against Fundamentalisms) The 20th century demonstrated several clear examples of the difficulties posed by uniting religious belief with foreign policy, not least of all the Vatican's policy during World War II, which has been denounced as inadequate and even as actually favouring the Nazi's ( Manhattan, 171). There is also reference to "The conflicts between the Roman Church and the Freedoms of democracy" (Glenn Archer, quoted in Manhattan, 7). Sometimes the religious policies of a nation are in direct conflict with its own best interests, and the medieval histories of the Eastern European Bloc demonstrates: Constantly the battleground between the different Christian sects, and the mighty Muslim empire of the Ottoman's, Eastern Bloc states such as Yugoslavia, Romania and Hungary experienced not only external holy conflict, but internal as well. Religion is not just a state mechanism, but is also a personal belief of many World leaders, a fact which cannot be avoided when considering their foreign policy: Even in an ostensibly secular state the private religious convictions And concerns of foreign policy-makers can be crucial, even decisive Factors in shaping international relations (A. Rotter, quoted in Kirby, 3) These conflicts and difficulties can be demonstrated through three case studies. The first two shall concentrate upon religious conflicts between states within a certain time period: beginning with how foreign policy was affected by religious conflict during the reign of Henry VIII, and then considering how religion formed a part in the policies of the Cold War. This will culminate in a review of the religious troubles of the Eastern Bloc, looking at conflict in both the later middle ages and during the Bosnian War in the latter half of

Social Security Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Security Assignment - Research Paper Example The ongoing program is deemed to be insolvent by 2037 if no further additions are made to it. The problem with today’s ongoing plan is that it requires a great deal of money. As per the Washington Post report, with the passage of time the federal government will have to find additional money to cater to the needs of this plan. The present situation makes the United States unable to mobilize such a great amount by itself. So naturally, the government will be compelled either to borrowing or to raising the taxes because by the year 2027 the annual deficits of the US will have reached $200 million and by 2033, $300 million (â€Å"Whitehouse Social Security†). Even if the authorities raise the taxes to meet the expenses of the current plan, it will not be a suitable measure in the future as the costs also get increased and this will be greater than the revenue received from tax collection. In this regard, the present system of social security does not seem to be a permanent program. As Elrod reports in Senior Citizen Journal, by privatizing social security, the government puts the retirement money in the hands of the workers to invest in private retirement accounts. As a portion of their salary is retained through pay roll tax; and for this purpose it does not inflict any burden on the common people in the form of additional tax. According to Elrod, this is useful to the workers as they get a lump sum amount after retirement, and it can be invested to greater opportunities such as share market. People will have control over their personal accounts. As per the new plan, there will be no change for the existing system for people who were born before 1950. According to the new plan, employees have the opportunity to contribute towards a fund likewise thrift saving. Here the amount to be contributed by each person is decreased as he or she gets closer to the retiring age. The participants will not be allowed to access their personal accounts before they g et retired. The new plan seems to be odd when it comes to the wealth and income distribution. As for the high earning class, the new proposal is not a problem. In the US, the majority of wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few people. Majority of rich people do not receive any income from working to constitute their wealth; on the other hand, they have it from the property they own. As Domhoff points out, the upper class own 34.4% of the privately held wealth; the middle class including professionals, the managerial and small scale industrialists hold 50.5% of wealth, and at last the common people comprising the peasants, daily wagers, and salary workers own only 15% of wealth. It definitely shows that the 20% of the total population enjoys 85% of the total wealth of the nation. As the above argument maintains, the majority of the rich are not working under the public sector, social security is not a matter of concern for them. It is the lower middle class that earn income from working who need any further social security. If the working lower class is asked to set aside a portion of their monthly earning to contribute to the social security fund, it affects their living as they will find it difficult to meet the both ends. So, this new plan is going to affect none other than the lower and middle level working class. Providing social security to its subjects is the responsibility of the government. Government has to perform this function without exerting any extra burden on the

Primary Education The First Stage Of Compulsory Schooling Education Essay

Primary Education The First Stage Of Compulsory Schooling Education Essay Primary education is the first stage of compulsory schooling. The primary phase is split into key stages one and two. Key-Stage one is orchestrated for children 5-7 years of age. Key-Stage two covers the age range of 7-11 years of age. Following Key-Stage two children progress to secondary school and undertake Key-Stage three learning. Thus Primary education must prepare children for KS3, and beyond. Considering the diversity of the age range and ability range of children within the Primary phase, there are a number of theories about the purpose(s) of primary education and how they should be delivered to best suit children (toward Q10). However, all theories for best practice concur that children of primary school age are at a crucial stage of learning which can drastically affect their future learning and experiences. Thankfully the idea of primary school being a place where children are told stories and draw on their own with crayons as a transition to proper school is history. Primary education is now viewed as a valuable opportunity to teach children a number of complex skills which will form the foundations for a lifetime of future learning. The knowledge and skills taught in the early years of life will directly influence the childs success as an adult in a now multicultural society (Q18; affect of social influences). Thus, the thrust of primary education must be to create a rounded experience for all children, through a range of subjects, delivered in an enriched environment by a knowledgeable, dynamic teacher with an effective pedagogy (towards Q14). To begin this process, learning content and method of delivery of this must be appropriately designed for the individual child as part of a larger group. As with all activities, it is critical to gain and retain the interest of those involved to maximise the effectiveness of the activity. It is up to the teacher and team of staff to collaborate efficiently to deliver this successfully (toward Q6). The complex skills taught in primary education are delivered through three main areas; learning to read, learning to write (as part of literacy) and learning to manipulate numbers and all related content e.g. shape and space (numeracy). Since 2008 personal, social, health and economic (PHSE) has been added to the strategy for primary education. Through these topics, enhanced by interaction with peers and adults, children are able to learn the knowledge, attitudes and range of skills required to cope with the vast range of issues that they are likely to face throughout their maturation into and during adulthood. Of equal importance during this period is that children develop the schemas required to acquire skills and are able to recognise opportunities for development. Parents, teachers and other adults can provide the required guidance. By providing exceptional care throughout Primary education it is clear that potential can be maximised and utilised for the benefit of the individual and society (toward Q1). Therefore a programme for education is required. This was introduced as part of the Education Reform Act 1988 as the National Curriculum. The concept of key stages and educational objectives relating to these were also introduced. Furthermore the element of choice was also introduced to allow parents to specify their preferred choice of school for their child; league tables provided the necessary information for parents to choose. This inclusive approach signalled directly the importance of parental involvement and influence on the well-being, education and potential future attainment of their child. However, the introduction of league tables may have paradoxically shifted the focus from childrens attainment to getting results (following emphasis on exam results used as a measure of understanding of the prescribed Curriculum content). The prescription of the National Curriculum is under the direction and control of the Government advised by educational specialists guided by research into the ways in which children learn and what it is believed will be most beneficial throughout adulthood. The National Curriculum thus offers a list of the knowledge a child must gain. This approach provides consistency, guidance for educational institutions and a framework for future assessment of attainment. The content of the Curriculum is impacted by its two aims and four purposes. The first aim is that the school curriculum should aim to provide opportunities for all pupils to learn and achieve. (National Curriculum handbook). The second aim is the school curriculum should aim to promote pupils spiritual, moral, social and cultural development and prepare all pupils for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of life. These concepts clearly link closely with the invaluable objectives of the Every Child Matters policy. The four purposes of the National Curriculum are to establish an entitlement, to establish standards, to promote continuity and coherence and to promote public understanding (knowledge for Q15). The core statutory subjects of a national curriculum under the education act of 2002 are English, Maths, Science, Art and Design, Geography, History, ICT, Music and Physical Education. Additionally to this, all maintained schools have to teach Religious Education, which should reflect the Christian history of Great Britain. However, Religious Education should also consider practices and ideas of other religions represented in the UK; due to the movement of people, particularly to the UK, and the resultant shift in the majority, this teaching is and should be ever expanding. This is positive as Religious Education develops morals, spirituality and acceptance of others. Within a developing culture this acceptance and understanding should be encouraged, especially during the foundation-setting Primary phase. The school must be responsible through their ethos to highlight and harness the benefits of understanding and co-operation (toward Q2). For these reasons children should be encourag ed to mix with one another where possible. In September 2010, modern foreign languages will become an additional statutory requirement for delivery at Key Stage 2. The Department of children, schools and families suggests that children should also be taught personal, social and health education (PSHE). Ed Balls, of the previous Labour government confirmed that PSHE will become a statutory part of the national curriculum in 2011, but as we now have a new government this may change. PHSE can include a range of topics which aid children in their future lives. A number of beneficial topics can include drugs and alcohol education (DARE), emotional health and well-being, sex and relationship education, nutrition and physical activity, finance, safety and career education. Many of these topics are linked with the valuable outcomes of the Every Child Matters policy and allow the child to be healthy, to achieve and be safe. By learning about these topics, children can be encouraged to consider one another and the world that they live in (teaching toward Q19; promoting equality). Following this community cohesion can become possible, demonstrating clearl y the benefits of teaching PHSE. The notion of delivering PHSE through the Primary phase, rather than commencing during Secondary education, is a positive step as a preventative measure to avoid the current generation making the mistakes of previous generations. Whilst the National Curriculum sets out guidelines, each individual school is responsible for determining how they deliver the programmes of study for each of the subjects specified. The programme of study is prescribed for each subject and indicates what children should learn, as defined by the Education Act 1996, section 353b. This guide also provides a useful basis from which schedules can be planned. It is up to the teacher to decide upon the delivery to give maximum benefit to the pupils in their care. It is important for the school and teacher to deliver National Curriculum study programmes in imaginative ways (toward Q10) but not be constrained by the necessities of the Curriculum itself. Attainment targets define the expected standards of knowledge, skills and understanding for pupils in each key stage for each of the specified subjects and allows for appropriate assessment tools to be developed (http://curriculum.qcda.gov.uk/key-stages-1-and-2/Values-aims-and-purposes/about-the-primary-curriculum/index.aspx). As attainment is not static and isolated to specific intervals, it is necessary for the teacher to monitor the developing achievements of the individual child, the child in the context of their peer group and relative to descriptors of attainment-level. With this in mind, it would be appropriate to ensure that class sizes do not exceed the maximal number of pupils beyond which the teacher cannot effectively plan for, teach and assess. As suggested, it is important to continually assess the abilities of pupils, and therefore their progress (towards Q12) and to report this to all involved in the education of the child, especially parents. I believe that the benefit of parental involvement cannot be overestimated; parents have an established relationship with the child and are therefore ideally placed to provide extra or remedial learning at this critical phase of education (facilitating Q5). Whilst the stipulated content of a National Curriculum aims to cater for all, it cannot always achieve this, especially if those children who fall both above and below the average are not considered. Furthermore providing a list of required learning content may be restrictive upon the ability of teaching staff and schools to provide suitably varied lessons for the group(s) of learning needs they are responsible for. Following the change of Government in May we cannot say if the National Curriculum, or even the notion of one, will remain consistent due to the difference in the ideas of Government ideology. This is particularly dynamic if the Educational Minister and her advisors of educational best-practice change (knowledge for Q15; remain aware of curriculum). For example, the Rose review (commissioned by the leaving government) and it suggestions for educational best practice for KS 1 and 2 may become obsolete. The Rose review considered the National Curriculum and the ability of teachers to effectively deliver learning content to children. Furthermore the review considers whether the curriculum needs to be altered to achieve the aforementioned key objective; in other words, what should children learn and how should this be delivered to facilitate successful learning. The Rose review states that too much time is spent revising and practising for exams rather than making sure that children have a love for learning. Teaching staff must be responsible for ensuring that children enjoy Primary school, especially as this will encourage enjoyment of further educational phases. To do this, the new curriculum must understand the way that children learn and develop physically, intellectually, emotionally, socially, culturally, morally and spiritually. Furthermore Rose indicates that the current three core subjects (English, Maths and Science) should be replaced by four skills for learning and life (Literacy, Numeracy, ICT and Personal Development). The following areas of learning should feature within the Primary curriculum: understanding English, communication and languages mathematical understanding scientific and technological understanding historical, geographical and social understanding understanding physical development, health and well-being understanding the arts (Rose Review 2008 P17 Section 31) The above revised aims for the primary curriculum take influence from the values issued under the every child matters policy of the Education Act 2002. The new curriculum must also be well-planned and fun to ensure children have the opportunity to learn independently as well as be challenged and engage in practical activities (Q22). Giving children the opportunity to learn more about the world around them, through experiences in art, literature, and religious education and much more will facilitate this. The curriculum should allow many opportunities to use learned knowledge through cross curricular studies. With the Primary years in mind, the review recommends that high-quality play-based learning would benefit young children immensely as well as teaching parents the importance of play and read to/with their child (Q5 Q30). It is also critical that opportunities for spoken communication are taken to maximise the childs ability to learn to read and write. Phonics sessions will further aid development in this critical area. Encouraging use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) is important to allow children to use a number of the tools often needed to find employment and be financially healthy in todays technologically advanced society. Generally, the review pronounces that there needs to be more continuity through the stages of learning e.g. from EYFS to Key stage one and beyond to maintain success; the DCSF should give primary schools one extra in that day in 2010 to train/understand the new curriculum and transition between key stages. As stated by Rose, the curriculum should aim to teach pupils how to learn as well as the learning content. Having outstanding teachers in any education centre is crucial for pupils success here. Therefore, it is critical to consider ways that teachers can improve their pedagogy to deliver the required content (in whatever form it takes), for the benefit of the children in their class (toward Q10). Significantly, the review also suggests that it may be appropriate to restructure Key Stage 1 to include the Early Years Foundation Stage i.e. begin schooling and reap the rewards as early as possible, especially if parental involvement is successfully encouraged. Another research based review of the Curriculum, and ways to realise successful learning, is provided by the Cambridge report. The report suggests that a new primary curriculum be introduced which is broad, deep, balanced and offers high standards in all subjects; by separating literacy and numeracy they are afforded a higher level of emphasis and importance. Furthermore, new aims and values should be adopted within modern primary education. The 12 aims of the report focus on: The individual Well-being including mental, emotional and physical welfare (in line with Every Child Matters) Ensuring children have a thirst for engagement in their learning Empowering children with knowledge to meet and be adaptive to the changing challenges of the world Autonomy to promote aspirational thought (satisfying Q1) Self, others and the wider world Promote self-respect, respect for others, respect for diversity and difference as well as acceptance of others ideas and values (awareness for Q19, satisfying Q25) Promoting interdependence to develop sustainable positive relationships. Empowering local, national and global citizenship, encouraging children to make decisions in the world around them e.g. school council, as well as knowing about human rights, conflict resolution and social justice. Celebrating culture and community; schools should strive to become the centre of the community life and culture. Learning, knowing and doing Exploring, knowing, understanding and making sense, giving children the opportunity to actively experience the world around them (towards Q25). Fostering skills to make sure that pupils have the skills which learning, employment and rewarding life depend on. This includes all customary subjects in the curriculum as well as communication, creativity, intervention, problem solving, critical practice and human relations. Exciting imagination, giving children the opportunity to extend their knowledge outside the limits of their experiences. Enacting dialogue, to help children understand the need for communication and collaboration between teacher and pupils, and among pupil whilst becoming aware that knowledge is not just given but negotiated and recreated. This form of dialogue is central to effective pedagogy (facilitating Q2). It is highlighted that language, literacy and oracy (the capacity to express oneself in and understand speech) are critical to accomplishing these aims, as well as allowing aims to drive rather than follow the curriculum. Significantly, the report advocates extending the foundation stage to the age of six. Therefore the primary phase would include children 6-11 years of age, eliminating key stages one and two. Extending the foundation stage to 6 years old gives children the opportunity to develop personally, and learn to interact, before they embark on a journey harvesting knowledge. This can only work if there is the correct cooperation, communication and cohesion between foundation stage and the primary phase and their curricula (working toward Q32; development of effective team practice). This must be embraced by the teacher with pedagogy that is centred on personal accountability for effective teaching. This is obviously aided by providing adequate space, equipment and resources to ensure that pupils EYFS education provides solid foundations for the future. To aid the process it is imperative to ensure that disadvantaged and vulnerable children are given the help they need swiftly and successfully. To begin this, eradicating child poverty must be prioritised. Equally, opportunities must be provided for pupils with SEN, EAL or disability to progress to the same degree as their peers (Q19). Based on continuing research, the new Government has released a white paper for reform of the education system and the curriculum. The paper reflects much of the aforementioned, noting that the most important factor upon attainment is the quality of teaching/teachers. In order to help schools and their staff to deliver high quality teaching, the bureaucratic burden must be removed to allow focus on what is necessary for the children in their care. This burden is largely caused by the restrictive nature of the current Curriculum and the focus upon the attainment of qualifications which have the highest value in performance tables; often Primary schools over-rehearse teaching for the test (Q12, understand the value of assessment). I have experienced this with year 6 pupils preparing for SATs I felt that other subjects had been put aside to make way for the tests. The enjoyment of learning had been forgotten because of the pressures of ensuring each child passed. It was necessary to teach the children how to interpret and understand the questions rather suggesting that the assessment method may be unreliable. There appears to be a disparity between assessment, curriculum and the prescribed method of teaching i.e. utilising practical activities does not seem to match the way the children are tested. Furthermore, the National Curriculum should be tightened to contain less non-essential knowledge, especially in core subjects. By reducing the prescribed content and giving back decision making power to the school (about what, and more importantly how, to teach) it will be possible for children to gain the knowledge they to reflect the high standards expected of children in other nations. In order to improve, schools must be freed from compliance with Government initiatives to become self-improving. To aid this programme, schools should have access to regional league tables to identify and seek guidance from those schools from which they can learn (working toward Q5). In conclusion, Primary education must be grounded upon the needs of children as individuals. From this, guidelines for the content to be taught can be established. It is important that whilst the value of these guidelines is embraced, they do not become restrictive upon the imaginative element of pedagogy, allowing teaching staff to cater for all children as unique and valuable individuals. In doing so, children can learn how to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve and in doing so allow the child to make a positive contribution and achieve economic-well-being which are crucial to acceptance of the diverse culture we live in. Furthermore with guidance the child/growing adult will be free to develop social understanding/sensitivity to behave appropriately with others in numerous and changing social situations (Q1, Q19 and Q25). Adaptability and accountability of the teachers who mould young minds are paramount to childrens on-going success. As part of this group, I must strive to develop a pedagogy and effective relations with other members of the school which allows me to deliver teaching which enables children to maximise their potential (Q14, Q6, Q1). To continue to deliver this I must continue to embrace my desire for Continuous Professional Development (Q9).