Hezbollah(Party Of God) Terrorist organization (Lebanon) Research Paper

Hezbollah(Party Of God) Terrorist association (Lebanon) - Research Paper Example They endured the worst part of the contention between the Israeli’s and the PLO. Therefore, Hezbollah was conceived at first as an association and development intended to remove the Israel’s and their partners from southern Lebanon. There are three primary zone of Lebanon that Hezbollah can work from with relative securely. The first is the Beqaa Valley of Eastern Lebanon. This is the conventional home of most Lebanese Shia. It is an agrarian area with a high pace of destitution that outskirts Syria. Southern Lebanon flanking Israel is another zone with a high grouping of Shia Muslims and is a place of refuge for Hezbollah. The last geographic fortification of Hezbollah is the ghetto zone outside of Beirut. These ghettos developed because of the battling in southern Lebanon during the Israeli attack in the 1980’s. The organizer of Hezbollah was Sheik Subhi Tufaili. He was instructed in Iraq and there was presented to Islamic Revolution belief system as introduced by Shiite pioneers from Iran. He carried these plans to Lebanon and utilized them to pull in dissimilar Shiite bunches in Lebanon. From the joining of these gatherings, Hezbollah was conceived. Inner clashes between Subhi Tufaili caused his ouster in the mid 1990’s. Tufaili was disturbed that Hezbollah was happy to take an interest in decisions in Lebanon. Supplanting Tufaili was the current Secretary General Sheik Hassan Nasrallah. The underlying reason behind the arrangement of Hezbollah was the expulsion of Israeli soldiers from Lebanon. Shiite residents were bearing the most noticeably terrible of the battling from the setbacks in the contention between the PLO and the Israeli’s. Furnished protection from Israel and its partners was the focal point of Hezbollah from the beginning. When the Israeli’s pulled back from Lebanon, Hezbollah started to take a more nuanced purpose behind their reality. They started to introduce themselves as an Islamist bunch attempting to spread the lessons of Islam to the world. They express that they need to show the world that Islam

Home and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home and Family - Essay Example The greater part of these guardians are more worried about their own lives than their youngsters. In â€Å"After Making Love We Hear Footsteps†, the caring idea of a parent can be watched. After two guardians make love their son consistently raced to stay in bed between them. Rather than tossing the kid out of their bed, the guardians greet him wholeheartedly: These guardians show their youngster love by tolerating them into their extremely private bed. This youngster is the focal point of the universe for his folks. Not at all like different models that will be later given, this kid will grow up to be certain and composed. As will be introduced, this circumstance is a one of a kind and uncommon model. â€Å"Orthello† shows one normal perspective on the parent/kid relationship. Brabantio treats his girl, Desdemona, similar to his own property. Desdemona implies as a lot to Brabantio as his gold. The accompanying section shows this feeling: Brabantio just thought about what Desdemona could accomplish for him by wedding rich, than treating her affectionately. Desdemona was unquestionably on Brabantio’s fringe vision, until she destroyed his arrangements by wedding Orthello. other. After the dad is laid off, he rejoices in light of others’ setback. At whatever point a fire engine can be heard, the dad takes is family out to watch the flames. The youngster just realizes that he gets consideration by his in any case involved dad. He tells: In spite of the enduring of the family whose house consumed, the dad feels supported in light of the fact that at any rate he despite everything has a house. The kid is torn up to see his father’s debilitated fixation. The parent is going down his own issues to the kid. The dad could have handily gone to the flames alone. It would have been quicker than taking a spouse and five kids along. The dad needed a crowd of people, much the same as the spouse went to keep harmony. That is the thing that the spouse needed to achieve; harmony. She felt

A Study of Tradition 2 - The 12 Traditions of A.A.

A Study of Tradition 2 - The 12 Traditions of A.A. More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use In 12-step groups, there is no such thing as individual authority. No one member directs or controls the actions of the other members of the group. Tradition 2. For our group purpose there is but one ultimate authority - a loving God as He may express Himself in our group conscience. Our leaders are but trusted servants; they do not govern. Group decisions are just that, group decisions. After a discussion of all aspects of a given situation, including the minority opinion, the group votes on the issue and an agreement is reached with the majority vote. This vote is called a group conscience. Each group is a fellowship of equals. No matter what an individual members background, education, or professional expertise, no member has authority over the group. In this way, the fellowship reaches out to all who would seek its comfort and provides the atmosphere of a sense of belonging to all members. But there are leaders... This tradition has been misquoted many times as we have no leaders. But it clearly states that each group does have its leaders, they just have no authority over the rest of the group. Whether they be the groups representative to the area or district, or the secretary or treasurer, they have been entrusted with the responsibility to serve the group, not make decisions for it. Groups clearly have other leaders also. There are those, who by sharing their wisdom and strength in the meetings, who are quietly recognized by the group as spiritual leaders. There are those members, who are so well-founded in the principles and traditions of the program, the group turns to when questions arise involving possible violations of those principles and traditions. These too are leaders, but they do not govern either. Here are the stories of visitors to this site who have shared their experience with tradition 2: A Sense of Belonging Before I came into Al-Anon I never really felt that I belonged to any group. No matter what committee, board of directors, steering committee, or whatever group I was a member of, I always had this feeling that everybody else belonged there, but I was somehow just visitingâ€"or intruding even. To compensate for my low self-esteem, I usually overcompensated. I always had to be the one who sold the most tickets, raised the most money, volunteered the most time or whatever. This was my way of trying to get to the point where my membership in the group was justified. So that I would feel that I was truly a part of the team. But, it never really worked. It was in Al-Anon that I learned the concept that the meeting did not belong to anyone, except those who showed up and participated. There was nobody who ran things. Nobody was in charge. Our leaders were but trusted servants, they did not govern. As I kept coming back to the various meetings, I discovered that Al-Anon really meant what it said. Every meeting I ever attended was just as much my meeting as it was anyones. It took a while to sink in, but I finally got that sense of belonging and it has carried over to other areas of my life. I now know that just by being a member and showing up and participating, I am just as much a part of the group as the oldest old-timer. And my opinions are given just as much consideration, and are just as welcome, as anyones in group discussions. Wendy A Group Conscience as Necessary It was one of those memorable meetings that we are sometimes privileged to attend. In Australia, people do not volunteer to speak at an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting but are called by name or are pointed to by the chairperson. A few pass by simply saying that they will just identify with their name and the fact that they are an alcoholic, but most come up to the front and have a go at sharing. The person in the chair was an Aussie bloke who called mostly males only to speak. After the first few men spoke the females were getting restless after the next few guys spoke, some of the women got really agitated, and then after a few more mostly male calls, one of the women literally exploded. She stood up and shouted No! Thats it, you sexist pig! Are we invisible? Not worth hearing? Our chairperson said: Look, Im in the chair and Ill call whoever I am moved to pick and it isnt you so sit down and respect the meeting! Uh, oh! Not exactly the right thing to say to this feminist former street person in recovery! In her wrath, she made a beeline for the chairperson with obvious homicidal intent! Others cheered or jeered as pandemonium erupted. An old-timer jumped up, raised hands high and yelled Group Conscience, Group Conscience... like a chant. A few others picked up the chant and a momentary silence fell. Tradition two on the banner there indicates that I was a member of this group can call for a Group Conscience meeting at any time and I call for one right now! The woman was asked: Please state your case to us all. She did. She said that fairness required that women speakers alternate with men until the females had all had a chance to either pass or speak. The man in the chair was then asked to please state his case. He said that he had determined that there were five times more men in the room than women so he thought that it would be fair to call on women one-fifth of the time. Others were asked for any other comments. There were a few more women who felt slighted and only one friend of the chairman who agreed with him. A moment of silent reflection was called for, to ask our respective higher powers to guide us in voting and then all were asked to close their eyes except for the aggrieved woman and the chairman who would together count the raised hands for each method. The womans boy-girl alternative method was obviously overwhelmingly approved and we all settled down for a lovely second part of the meeting. Its not the first time I have seen a Group Conscience called for during a meeting but it was the most dramatic. Aussie Chuck Back to The Twelve Traditions Study

What Are Some Free C and C Compilers

Compilers convert instructions written in a programming language to machine code that can be read by computers. If youre interested in learning to program in C or C, youll find this list of free compilers handy. Most of These ​Compilers ​Handle Both C and C Microsoft Windows SDK. This free SDK is for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4. It provides compilers, tools libraries, code samples  and a help system for developers.Turbo C for Windows 7,8,8.1 and 10. The .NET Framework is required for Windows 7, Vista and XP, but there is no pre-requirement for more recent Windows versions.  GCC  is the classic open source C compiler for Linux and many other operating systems (including Windows under Cygwin or Ming). This project has been around forever and provides excellent open source quality software. It doesnt come with an IDE, but there are loads out there.Digital Mars C/C Compiler. The company offers several free compiler packages.  Xcode  is for Apples Mac OSX operating system and its version of GCC. It has excellent documentation and SDKs for Mac and iPhone. If you have a Mac, this is what you use.Portable C Compiler. This was developed from one of the earliest C Compilers. At the start of the 80s, most C compilers were based on it. Portability was designed into it from the start.Failsafe C. A Japanese project from the Research Team for Software Security at the Research Center for Information Security, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, this version of C for Linux supports over 500 functions (not C99 or Widechar). It provides complete protection against memory block over-boundary accesses making it as safe as Java and C#.Pelles C is a free development kit for Windows and Windows Mobile containing an optimizing C compiler, a macro assembler, a linker, a resource compiler, a message compiler, a make utility and installs builders for both Windows and Windows Mobile. It also has an IDE with project management, debugger, source code editor and resource editors for dialogs, menus, string tables, accelerator tables, bitmaps, icons, cursors, animated cursors, animation videos, versions, and XP manifests.Borland C 5.5  compiler is a blazingly fast 32-bit optimizing compiler. It i ncludes the latest ANSI/ISO C language support including the Standard Template Library framework and C template support and the complete Borland C/C Runtime Library. Also included in the free download are the Borland C/C command line tools such as the high-performance Borland linker and resource compiler.nesC is an extension to the C programming language designed to embody the structuring concepts and execution model of TinyOS. TinyOS is an event-driven operating system designed for sensor network nodes that have very limited resources (e.g., 8K bytes of program memory, 512 bytes of RAM).Orange C.  Orange C/C supports C standards through C11 and C 11. The IDE is full-featured and includes a colorizing editor. This compiler runs on WIN32 and DOS. It generates 32-bit programs for both.SubC is a fast, simple public domain compiler for a clean subset of the C programming language on Linux, FreeBSD and Windows platforms.   Now that you have a compiler, youre ready for  C and Cprogramming tutorials.

SPE 566 Defining Behavior - 753 Words

SPE 566: Defining Behavior Assignment Purpose The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate understanding and application of basic concepts of behavior analysis. Specifically you are required to develop objective, behavioral definitions of social skills behavior avoiding subjective, mentalistic terms, and hypothetical constructs. General Information In a short answer format, you should choose any 3 of the 10 social skill behaviors for which you will provide several points of knowledge, as well as produce a well written behavioral objective. The ten social skill behaviors are: Greeting, Playing, Following Directions, Engaging in Eye Contact, Initiating a Conversation, Participating in a Conversation, Asking Questions, Sharing,†¦show more content†¦All assignments must be submitted through this link -- assignments may not be submitted via email. Grading Procedures The Defining Behavior assignment is worth 15 points total. Choose any 3 of the terms, with each term worth 5 points. Each social skills behavior will be graded according the criteria listed in the Scoring Grid below. Note: You must indicate the behavior that you are defining in order for your assignment to be reviewed and graded. Scoring Grid - Defining Behavior Assignment Please note: Do NOT include the Scoring Grid with your document. Choose any 3 of the following: Expected Content Points Earned Possible Points Greeting behavior How would you operationally define the behavior? How would you measure this behavior? Cite from your textbook. Produce a behavioral objective incuding conditions/context, critieria, target behavior and learner. 5 Playing behavior How would you operationally define the behavior? How would you measure this behavior? Cite from your textbook. Produce a behavioral objective incuding conditions/context, critieria, target behavior, and learner. 5 Following Directions How would you operationally define the behavior? How would you measure this behavior? Cite from your textbook. Produce a behavioral objective incuding conditions/context, critieria, target behavior, and learner. 5 Eye Contact How would you operationally define the behavior? How would you measure thisShow MoreRelatedMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagespublic re- 6 port providing industrywide aggregate or average in- 7 formation to be used in assessing the overall impact 8 of PBMs on prescription drug prices and spending. 9 Such report shall not disclose the identity of a spe- 10 cific PBM, or prices charged by such PBM, or a 11 specific retailer, manufacturer, or wholesaler, or any 12 other confidential or trade secret information. (4) PENALTIES.—The provisions of subsection 14 (b)(3)(C) of section

Literal Intelligence Collection Free Essays

Literal Intelligence Collection: National Intelligence and the NSA wireless intercept program Intelligence Collection: Sources and Challenges February 13, 2012 In the aftermath of 9/11 the intelligence community (IC) felt pressure from all directions. Employees of the IC, Congress, and the general public wanted questions answered as to why our nation didn’t know an attack was imminent. This â€Å"failure† of intelligence caused a shake up within the entire IC, leading to many future changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Literal Intelligence Collection or any similar topic only for you Order Now One such change was in communications intelligence (COMINT) collection. According to Cummings (2006), â€Å"President George W. Bush said that he authorized NSA to intercept the international communications of people with known links to al Qaeda and related terrorist organizations in the weeks following the September 11th terrorist attacks† (p. 6). The President’s decision had many repercussions. I will discuss the parameters of the decision, the management issues associated with it that lead to such controversy, and the impact it had on national intelligence and the NSA. What led to this drastic decision by the U. S. President? The United States was blind-sighted in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack which resulted in the death of 2,977 innocent Americans. This was the largest attack in the history of the U. S. on our soil and although the signs were there for the intelligence community to see, it was mistakenly not put together. Much of the attack stemmed from communications between terrorist or those connected and working with terrorist within our Country, and this was unacceptable. In order to defend against such communications, according to Lichtblau amp; Risen (2005), â€Å"Under a presidential order signed in 2002, the intelligence agency has monitored the international telephone calls and international e-mail messages of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people inside the United States without warrants over the past three years in an effort to track possible ‘dirty numbers’ linked to Al Qaeda, the officials said. The agency, they said, still seeks warrants to monitor entirely domestic communications†. The sole purpose of the NSA program was to safeguard our national security in a more expansive, efficient manner. The center on law and security (2007) states â€Å"†¦this requirement to demonstrate all of the substantive and procedural elements of FISA to the Attorney General’s satisfaction before any surveillance can begin, would fatally impair the President’s ability to carry out his constitutional responsibility to collect foreign intelligence to protect our Nation from attack† (p. 9). Any implementation involving citizen’s privacy is assured to draw controversy, and the root of the problem with this program was a management issue. The President, DCI, and the Director of the NSA should have informed the head of the Senate Select and Congressional oversight committees with a more in depth understanding of the changes and the secrecy. A plan should have been in place to deal with leaks to the public of the changes, and a more detailed description of the amendment to the policy should have been created and kept under lock and key. Intelligence collection involves many activities that citizens (lacking all of the facts), may deem unconstitutional. The problem with this is most of the time the facts are not available to the general population, media, and even certain members of the Congressional oversight committees, for fear of an operation leak. Much of what the IC does must remain secret, at least until the aftermath (which could be years later). In regards to the topic at hand, authorization of warrantless wireless intercept by the NSA, the main problem arose due to management failures in the implementation of such a controversial topic. The center on law and security (2007) states, â€Å"Critics of the NSA program do not necessarily object to the type of surveillance, but rather to the way in which it has been authorized, and to the absence of any oversight† (p. 10). The Congressional oversight committees serve as a checks and balance to the IC and the President informed the heads of the committees (Gang of Eight) of his plan to authorize wireless intercepts on Americans. Cummings (2006) states, â€Å"†¦the executive branch had limited its briefings of the legislative branch to the Gang of Eight. They further asserted that the executive branch had prohibited them from sharing any information about the program with congressional colleagues† (p. 7). In the aftermath, it seems the Gang of Eight did not understand the necessity of secrecy behind this information. The President should have explained the reasoning behind the secrecy and why the information was limited to the Gang of Eight. If the Gang of Eight understood the parameters and restrictions in place, they could better defend the plan when future problems arose. Preparations hould have been in place for dealing with the public if and when the time came that the media caught wind of the wireless intercept. At some point the President should expect that the public would have to be addressed with some details defending his actions. There should have been regulations in place, describing the limits the NSA still had to endure when it came to U. S. citizens. When reports came out in 2005, there was much confusion as to what exactly the President had authorized, and if there were limits in place for the NSA. A failure to properly address the issue allowed the media to run wild with stories, further outraging critics. Silence and secrecy only added to the problem of distrust of the IC. In preparation, President Bush should have had a detailed description of the amendment to the policy, with restrictions still in place for the NSA. This policy should have been dated at the time it went into effect, signed by the President, the DCI, the Director of NSA and the Gang of Eight and kept in the possession of the Director of the NSA. Having a signed document would serve the future purpose of showing there was knowledge of the parameters of the amended policy. If this policy had to become public (open source) at some point, it would hopefully show that Management had made an organized effort of implementing change and involved as many officials as possible under the current circumstances. The National Security Agency (NSA) has the task of protecting U. S. national security systems through the use of signal intelligence (SIGINT), to include COMINT. Prior to the President giving authorization to warrantless domestic eavesdropping following 9/11, the NSA had to obtain a court approved warrant in order to eavesdrop on a U. S. citizen’s communications, otherwise known as a FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act) warrant. According to the center on law and security (2007) â€Å"FISA warrants require ‘probable cause’ to suspect that an individual is acting either for a ‘foreign power’ (including terrorist organizations) or as an ‘agent of a foreign power,’ a target (a cell phone, a computer, a BlackBerry, or a landline phone, for example), and that foreign intelligence be a ‘significant purpose’ of the warrant† (p. ). NSA is no stranger to negative public perception regarding their unconstitutional practices. This wireless intercept program put the agency’s reputation at stake once again. Reports of the NSA having access to most American’s phone records detailing their calls and communications is cause for concern for critics. Due to a lack of proper implementation, notifications and opportunity for oversight, the NSA and the IC has to climb another uphill battle to win back the trust of Americans. Dilanian (2011) states, â€Å"U. S. intelligence officials insist that the new surveillance powers have been crucial to stopping terrorist plots†. Hopefully, some of the more recent successes in the community can erase the impact of failures and the intelligence community can improve their reputation once again. References Cummings, Alfred (2006). Statutory procedures under which Congress is to be informed of U. S. intelligence activities, including covert actions: NSA domestic surveillance. Congressional Research Service Dilanian, Ken (2011). 9/11, ten years after, more surveillance; A legacy of watchful eyes; The government eavesdrops on U. S. citizens as never before. Los Angeles Times Aug 30, 2011. Tuesday Home Edition. Lichtblau, E. amp; Risen, J. (2005). Bush lets U. S. spy on callers without courts. The New York Times, Dec 16, 2005. doi: 942423341 The Center on Law and Security at the NYU school of Law (2007). The NSA wiretapping program. For The Record, 1(Jan) 1-16. 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Baron Manfried Von Richtofen The Red Baron free essay sample

Baron Manfried Von Richtofen: The Red Baron Essay, Research Paper Baron Manfried Von Richtofen was the best One of World War One. With confirmed putting to deaths coming in at around 80, he is the combatant one with the most putting to deaths of all time recorded-ever. However, he started out his calling as a soldier in the trenches, non as a pilot. During the conflict of the Somme, he saw his first aeroplane fly operating expense, and was instantly aquiline. He loved everything about winging, and his grandiloquent, chesty, and some would state determined, personality, made him a quick scholar, and clever mind. His flight calling started out instead easy in the first old ages of the war, but finally took on a torrential gait, and shortly after his twentieth putting to death, he was to be called the Red Baron. This moniker can be chiefly attributed to the fact that he flew a modified Fokker DR I triplane, which he had painted ruddy, so as to galvanize the enemies that he was contending. We will write a custom essay sample on Baron Manfried Von Richtofen The Red Baron or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some say that he was like a devil when he flew, and that the existent ground he painted his plane red was to raise up images of winged deamons in his enemies # 8217 ; heads. His tactics were largely responsible for his repute, nevertheless. During the war, the Baron developed some of the most superb tactics of all time seen until so. He used methods neer earlier attempted, like faked engine flameouts, utilizing air brakes in the center of axial rotations to shorten the cringle distance, assailing from utmost angles, both above and below, and firing his guns before coming in scope to decelerate down his opposition. A pilot is no good if he doesn Ts have a plane to wing, nevertheless. And the Baron surely had a plane. His aircraft was made about wholly for him. It had arms built to his specifications, a larger engine, and was one of the lone triplane designs employed during the war. While his tactics were impressive, most of them were centered around manoeuvrability. His plane was by no means the fastest aircraft of the War, but with its particular design, it could outmanoeuvre, out-turn, and out wing most other planes flown. He put this manoeuvrability to his advantage, and it surely shows in his putting to deaths. A unkown pilot was heard stating, upon the Barons decease, # 8220 ; I hope he burned all the manner to hell. # 8221 ; Baron Manfried Von Richtofen embodies some of the best qualities of a combatant pilot yet seen. He was brave, honest, and brave, but he knew how to acquire the occupation done. His accomplishment, continuity, and tactics will most surely go down in the history books for a long clip. The Red Baron genuinely is the best one of World War One.

7 Bioteknologi og genteknologi Essays - , Term Papers

7 : Bioteknologi og genteknologi 7:1 Bioteknologi og genteknologi Levende organismer og DNA er verktoy I tusenvis av ar har vi brukt mikroorganismer til a fa brod til a heve og a lage ost, til gjaring av ol og vin og til produksjon av surmelk produkter. Dette kalles bioteknologi, og har pagatt i mange tusenvis av ar. Bioteknologi brukes for alt der vi bruker mikroorganismer, planteceller eller dyreceller til a lage produkter som er nyttige eller nodvendige for oss. Tradisjonell jordbruk og fiske regnes ikke som bioteknologi. Genteknologi - bioteknologi med nye muligheter Fra gammelt av har vi valgt ut de individene med onskede egenskaper og bruke disse individene til avl, dette er den tradisjonelle metoden for a endre egenskapene til planter og dyr. Denne metoden tar lang tid og lite presise. I midten av 1970-arene har forskerne lart a arbeide direkte med gener. De har kartlagt arvestoffet DNA, men ogsa metoder som gjor det mulig a "klippe og lime" gener. Pa denne maten har de kunne gi mikroorganismer, planter og dyr helt nye eller forsterke egenskaper. Dette er eksempler pa det vi kaller genteknologi. Genmodifiserte organismer, GMO, er organismer som har fatt endret eller fatt nye gener. Hvis disse nye genene som er satt inn kommer fra andre arter kaller vi det transgenene organismer. Moderne bioteknologi er metoder eller fagomrader der genteknologi inngar i storre eller mindre grand. F.eks. stamcelleforsknong, kloning, kartlegging av gener, ulike metoder for kunstig stamcelleforskning og produksjon av legemidler og vaksiner. 67310850900184150202565 Genteknologi: Genteknologi er teknikker det man isolerer og kartlegger DNA modifiserer (forandrer) gener. Klipper ut og flytter gener fra en organisme til en annen og far dem til a virke der. Bioteknologi: Bioteknologi er all teknologien som bruker levende celler til a lage produkter.Moderne bioteknologi er et samlebegrep pa fagomrader og metoder der genteknologi inngar i storre eller mindre gras. Genmodifisert organisme, GMO:organismer som har fatt forandret pa genene sine eller fatt satt inn nye gener, kaller vi genmodifiserte organismer 0 Genteknologi: Genteknologi er teknikker det man isolerer og kartlegger DNA modifiserer (forandrer) gener. Klipper ut og flytter gener fra en organisme til en annen og far dem til a virke der. Bioteknologi: Bioteknologi er all teknologien som bruker levende celler til a lage produkter.Moderne bioteknologi er et samlebegrep pa fagomrader og metoder der genteknologi inngar i storre eller mindre gras. Genmodifisert organisme, GMO:organismer som har fatt forandret pa genene sine eller fatt satt inn nye gener, kaller vi genmodifiserte organismer Etikk og lovverk - det dreier seg om hvor grensen gar Genteknologien gir oss mange nye muligheter. Men ogsa mange nye sporsmal som vi ma ta stilling til. Muligheten for at ny viten skal misbrukes. Regjeringen har opprettet et radgivende organ som skal treffe kloke valg, dette radet kalles bioteknologiradet. De vurderer faglige, etiske, miljomessige og sikkerhetsmessige sporsmal knyttet til moderne bioteknologi. Det er sarlig to lover som er viktige for hvordan vi arbeider med moderne bioteknologi i Norge: Genteknologiloven regulerer framstillingen og bruk av genmodifiserte organismer. Bioteknologiloven handler om a sikre at medisinsk bruk av bioteknologi blir utnyttet til beste for alle mennesker. Bioteknologi blir regulert av mange andre lover ogsa, for eksempel naringsmiddelloven og lov om dyrevern. 7:2 Genmodifiserte organismer Nye egenskaper pa nye mater Bakterier var de forste organismene som fikk overfort nye gener, fordi de formerer seg raskt og er derfor lette a jobbe med, og er derfor brukt mye innenfor genteknologien. Det er ogsa fordi det ikke er sa mange protester mot a forske pa disse organismene. Teknikken Forskerne bruker nar de overforer gener til et organisme, kaller vi genspleising. Genspleisingenes verktoy - plasmider, enzymer og bakterier 7:5 DNA-analyser, gentester og genterapi Medisinsk bruk av genteknologi Et menneske har litt over 20 000 gener. Det er bare en liten del av DNA-et som virker som gener og bestemmer egenskapene vare. Vi vet ikke sikkert hva resten gjor. Disse delene av DNA-molekylene har sma omrader, "fingeravtrykk", som varierer mye fra art til art og fra individ til individ. Analyser av dette DNA- et blir brukt til a identifisere personer og organismer. En annen type DNA-tester er analyser av genene vare. Sanne gentester kan etterhvert fortelle oss mye om zzaA Sporsmal: 7:1 Bioteknologi og genteknologi Hva bruker vi mikroorganismer til?Hevemiddel i brod, lage ost, gjaring av ol og vin, til a lage surmelks produkter. Er bioteknologi noe som

International Finance Paper Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

International Finance Paper Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers International Finance Paper International Finance Paper FIN/419 June 1, 2015 Maria Johnson International Finance Paper Intro (Kaitlin) Explain how the global investment banking process has assisted the organization. Throughout the years, Apple Inc. has grown into one of the most recognizable international brands in the world. This accomplishment didn't happen overnight. Countless time, energy, and effort went into growing the company and entering into new markets. A global investment bank is an essential tool for Apples continuous growth internationally. A global investment bank can be defined as a financial establishment that helps businesses increase capital, deal with securities, and administer corporate mergers and acquisitions (Kautzman, 2011). Investment banks act as an advisor; catering to the very specific financial needs of a company. An investment bank would have been crucial in the beginning stages of Apples growth in foreign markets. An investment banker would be in charge of raising the capital, ensuring the financial instrument used will provide the maximum return, and while following all regulatory requirements. A company can raise capital in a couple of different ways; from private investors, issuing bonds, or selling common stocks. An investment banker would provide their expertise to ensure that Apple raises enough capital to expand into new markets. Its safe to say Apple Inc. has successfully used investment banks to entered foreign markets. As of 2014, 62% of Apples total net sales came from international sales ("Apple Inc. - Annual Report", 2014). Behind the US, Europe and China are the largest international markets which purchase Apple products. Investment banks also assist with mergers and acquisitions (M One main goal of an M with the goal of making their products and services better. Apple's business philosophy is to acquire small companies that can integrated easily into existing company projects ("List of Mergers and Acquisitions by Apple", 2015). The most notable acquisition of late would be Beats Electronics. Beats Electronics offers trendy headphone and an online music streaming service. Through the help of an investment banker, Apple Inc. structured and negotiated a deal to purchase this company for $3B. Once the acquisition was completed, it vastly improved the quality of Apples existing iPhone & iTunes services. Explain how regulatory bodies affect financial decision making. (Robert) Identify and evaluate contemporary issues in international financial management. (Shaunta) Conclusion (Kaitlin) References Apple Inc. - Annual Report. (2014). Retrieved from http://investor.apple.com/secfiling.cfm?filingid=1193125-14-383437&cik=#D783162D10K_HTM_TOC783162_11 Kautzman, K. (2011). What is Global Investment Banking? Investigating The Basics. Retrieved from brighthub.com/money/personal-finance/articles/37294.aspx List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple. (2015). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple

Strategic Financial Management 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic Financial Management 2 - Coursework Example Question one. Calculate the adjusted present value (APV) for the project, correcting any errors made in the net present value estimate above, and conclude whether the project should be accepted or not. Show all relevant calculations. (25 marks) Before any attempt should be made to prepare the adjusted present value of the proposed project, Rattle Co must carefully study how the given projected cash flow statement for four years was made, to know where some should remain because they are already correct or whether they need further adjustments. When the needed adjustments are known, the framework is established to do the same with each item in the prepared cash flows, asking whether it should be adjusted or not. Starting with the revenue, it appears that one critical issue would be whether it should be presented with inflation or net of inflation. The answer would depend on what discount rate is used. If the discount rate is with inflation, then the revenue must include the inflation. In the case facts, the inflation was given however, if the discount rate is used with the real rate, i.e. not the nominal one, then presenting the net of inflation of the inflation rate is the proper thing. The 8% inflation rate increase for revenues and 4% inflation rate increase for cost of sales become irrelevant. Working capital requirements appear not to be reflected in the given cash flow. These need to be determined, as they are a factor in any decision. A business cannot operate without working capital. Since the amount of working capital at the beginning of each year is 20% of the forecasted revenue per year, just multiply each given sales figure per year, then it is possible to generate a working capital requirement per year. As computed in the revised and adjusted projected cash flow in Appendix A, the working capital amounts come to  £4,606,000,  £7,320,000,  £9,814,000 and  £5,428,000 for

Unresolved conflicts in the region as a key obstacle in the Essay

Unresolved conflicts in the region as a key obstacle in the development of (the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the context) - Essay Example It is co-chaired by the United States, France and Russia. Negotiations hit a deadlock in 2011 leading to spread of the geographical scope to other regions far way from Nagorno-Karabakh. It has been identified that this conflict is the key barrier to peace, stability and development in the South Caucasus (Notholt, 2008, p68). A review of the reasons as to why both the external actors and the conflicting parties have an interest in maintaining the status quo reveals the reason why the peace negotiation process has currently hit a deadlock. For example, both the government of Armenian and Azerbaijani have not shown any genuine interest in achieving the negotiated outcomes, which are proposed by OSCE (Notholt, 2008, p34). The Nagorno-Karabakh government was officially excluded from participating in this peace process, and the Armenia government is currently representing them. NK officials are currently becoming impatient with isolation from the direct participation and the fact that the negotiation process is currently not underway (Croissant, 1998, p42). A number of factors do not favor the negotiation process in this region. For instance, the geographical context does not support this negotiation progress. This is because the key powerbrokers, which include The United States, Russia and Turkey, seem to be comfortable with the current status quo with respect to their strategic interests (Croissant, 1998, p34). In addition, they still promote arms race and power imbalance through security alliances and arms-trade with the conflicting parties. This is a clear evident that the external actors are not interested in finding a permanent solution to this conflict that will lead to long-lasting peace and development. Additionally, other nations like Iran and Georgia are interested in mediating this negotiation process, but members of OSCE have denied them the chance to participate. The United Nations Security Council has also been denied the

Effectiveness Of Electronic Medication Administration Record System Information Technology Essay

Effectiveness Of Electronic Medication Administration Record System Information Technology Essay The report will highlight that to enhance technology in clinical setting is not easy. It required lot of support and resources. In-addition technology cannot be successful without well organized plan. It requires long term planning. This report will provide the overview of pilot implementation of electronic medication administration record (eMAR) system. Health care providers need to understand the importance of eMAR its role in improving patient care safety. This system will help to increase patient safety and have extremely positive impact on hospital reputation. It also helps to decrease medication errors and adverse drug reaction via safe medication administration. It also helps to save printing cost. Pilot implementation of the system assist in identifying issues related to medication administration error in hospital setting. Thus, help to understand how IT processes help to enhance safety. It further helps to understand analyze benefits of the system and how IT facilitates can reduce the chances of error by having robust computerized system. This paper helps to identify users anxiety to accept the IT systems and little modification in programming helps to get positive outcome. This paper investigates why IT systems are unsuccessful and suggest computer literacy and simple modification and technical support to users will help to expedite the process to achieve everlasting solutions to provide quality and safe care to the patients Introduction: The quality of patient care and safety is one of the most significant aspects of health care sector. Nursing and medical professionals face increased need of using information technology in day to day operations with an overall aim of improving the quality of care by increasing patients safety. Currently, hospitals facing patient safety issue related to medication administration. Numerous studies conducted to identify number of medication administration error. Stoppler (2006) pointed it as Approximately 1.3 million people are injured annually in the United States following so-called medication errors. Chiang (2008) supported this issue as Medication errors have been a major concern of patient safety initiatives for all health care systems of the world. Internationally health care facilities are struggling hard to increase patient safety via safe medication administration, because existing paper base medication administration record process is not safe and presented with large number of errors. Russo, (2007) stated that, current paper based medication administration record (MAR) is an inefficient process with no decisive workflow, that places needless stress on nursing staff and lead to illegible entries can resulted in medication administration errors. Therefore, to maintain the quality of drug dose administration and to prevent medication administration errors, electronic medication administration record (eMAR) system, is found to be significant. Few studies suggested that eMAR is a bedside medication administration recording tool providing new levels of recording medication administration activities by dropping error rates and making the administration of medications safer for patients. This report aims to outline the background to implement eMAR system, process of implementation, strength weakness of newly developed system and potential benefits on complete implementation to develop insights about newly developed electronic system for medication administrat ion record. Background: At my institution in 2006 during Joint Commission International Accreditation (JCIA) survey, auditors were not able to find out the administration record of one of the drug of a patient. This generated a thought to have electronic records for all the care provides to the patients. Malloch (2007) highlighted the need of electronic record as: Three specific applications within the electronic record-computerized physician order entry (CPOE), electronic medication administration records (eMAR), and clinical documentation-are impacting patient safety in numerous ways by decreasing incorrect and unnecessary treatments and medications, as well as improving the timeliness of careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The benefits from these 3 applications vary, depending on the implementation sequence; some organizations implement each application as separate initiatives, while other organizations have implemented all 3 applications simultaneously. (p. 159) Consequently our organization decided to initiate each application separately. CPOE for medication prescription, dispensation and medication order review had already been implemented in July 2005. Therefore higher management decided to design and develop in-house system of eMAR for safe medication administration as an initial step towards electronic patient record. The purpose was to eradicate manual MAR and replace with eMAR since current paper based MAR sheets had following subsequent issues: Manual administration record are more prone to error Prone to being lost as difficult to manage paper Utilizes large amount of paper Not meeting the JCIA requirement Administration record not available after discharge Data retrieval is difficult from paper based MAR Sheet Paper records are frequently lost unorganized Sloppily written record lead to legibility issues Mekhjian et al (2002) found that manual medication administration charting resulted in a transcription error rate of 11.3 percent whereas transcription errors were completely eliminated via eMAR. Further literature supports that the most common errors reported were administering drugs at the wrong time or neglecting to administer drugs at all. eMAR provided the framework for improvements in patient safety and in the timeliness of care. (Mekhjian, 2002). Bates Cullen (1995) suggested that 78% of errors leading to drug errors are due to inadequate information management system of eMAR. Furthermore, eMAR has gained a foothold in inpatient settings to support medication administration safety. It prevents paper records prone to being lost, incomplete, or misread. California Institute for Health Systems Performance report highlighted that upto 38% of inpatient medication errors occur at the administration stage (Miller et.al, 2001) Solution: Electronic Medication Administration Record System Safe medication administration is one of the most important elements of care. During hospitalization nurses are responsible to administered medication safely to the patients. This activity is performed multiple times in a day for an individual patient. It is a complex process therefore accurate documentation of the medication administration is extremely important. Jylha Saranto (2008) cited: The complexity of the medication management process exposes it to errors, and medication errors can occur at any point in the medication management process. A survey recently conducted in a Finnish hospital showed that more than half of reported adverse events (66%) were medication errors, most of them relating to documentation (33.6%) However, manual MAR had lot of issues related to patient safety and could lead to adverse drug events. Thus, organization decided implement for eMAR because it allows nurses to manage medication administration efficiently as it has the potential to make the administration of medication safer for the patients by reducing error rates (Westbrook, 2007). Therefore following steps were taken: eMAR task force developed to explore the need of technology including hardware software Group reviewed current medication administration process and developed flow diagram for expected system Visited different hospitals in USA to develop understanding of the system and its flow Conducted regular meeting with ISD for system design and development After having vigorous exercise team identified that eMAR could not be implemented completely without right patient identification and right drug identification. This system is heavily dependent on admission and pharmacy system. Therefore bar-coded wrist band bar-coding unit dose system would be pre- requisite. Consequently sub-group was developed to explore bar-coding system for different applications. The purpose to incorporating bar-coding in health care setting is to improve the quality of care by reducing medical error and by decreasing the cost of care for the patient. Thus, admission and pharmacy departments had been involved for bar-coding implementation. After multiple sitting and cost analysis, group decided to break eMAR implementation in 3 different phases Phase 1) Implementation of Barcodes: Patients Armbands for right patient identification for all the inpatients on arrival from admission department Bar-coded medication labels for identification of 5 rights include right patient, right drug, right time, right dose right route. Further pharmacy system generates medication administration schedule; this schedule will be foundation stone for eMAR. Phase 2) Medication Trolley Purchase new medication trolleys with Laptop having wireless connectivity barcode reader to view active drug list due at specific time, to follow 5 rights Phase 3) Online MAR Develop software of eMAR to eliminate manual MAR and initiate online entry after administration in computer to eradicate paper How this will work Nurse will identify the patient by scanning wrist band Nurse will then scan the Medication Cassette Bin of respective patient First RIGHT will be identified at this point Right Patient Nurse will then scan the Medication Labels Remaining four RIGHTS will be identified at this point Right Drug Right Dose Right Time Right Route Nurse Administer the Dose to the Patient After Administration, Nurse will put her Signature electronically into the system Thus above requirements were communicated to the senior management. Consequently due to lack of resources implementation of all above requirement were not possible at once because huge amount of money is required for barcode implantation in admission and pharmacy department and sophisticated medication trolley with laptop barcode reader. Therefore, team determined to implement eMAR successfully, with good outcome and within the resources provided, all above phases need to be implemented step by step. Thats why 3 sub-groups have been developed to initiate the work for each activity. Group 1 will work on Bar-coding planning and implementation. Group 2 will be responsible for purchasing of sophisticated medication trolley and group 3 will work on software development for electronic administration entry for medication. However, phase 3 of aforementioned plan was to be implemented first as it only required in-house software developments with no extra cost involvement and further built on existing CPOE system. Therefore, group 3 comprises of nursing and information system department (ISD) team work together to design and develop the system. ISD developed first template of eMAR in December 2006 and presented to nursing management team for feedback, they suggested few modifications. Modified version presented to them again for re-evaluation in February 2007. Afterward, pilot implementation was done in 5 beded cardiac step down unit in April 2007. Same was replicated in other cardiac stopdown units. Subsequently it was replicated in other units depending upon the availability of computers. Therefore, 06 desktop computers, 20 wall mounted computers in intensive care units, 2 mobile trolleys without medication bins 2 laptop mounted medication trolleys were provided in nursing units to cover 153 beds out of 520 beds. This covers 30% of total admitting patients. This phase will help to overcome issues of legibility, decrease chances of data lost as not need to manage paper since no paper is required. It helps to meet the JCIA requirement as data retrieval is easy and able to find out administration record. In-addition this will help to have ontime administration record and nurse need to sign the medication after administration and system will capture administration time which will further help to indentify wrong time administration, delayed administration and miss dose administration. Through this phase patient safety issue is still not resolved as identification of 5 rights is achieved manually because bar-coding is yet to be implemented. However, further implementation discontinued after July 2008 due to resource limitation for computerized laptop based eMAR trolley barcode implementation. In-addition few reservation for further implementation related to multiple frequent system breakdown and users resistance for further implementation was also highlighted. Therefore, eMAR task force re-collected to discuss and resolve above concerns to promote further. They identified following issues: Issues related to system functionality System performance/ shutdown issue. Issues related to limited hardware availability Training issue and computer literacy issues Users resistance as system force them for ontime documentation whereas paper base MAR have provision to sign the administration record as per their own accord On other hand group 1, barcode team implemented bar-coded armbands for all the inpatient. Now only medication label to be bar-coded is pending, for that label has been designed and approval has been taken from nursing users and pharmacy. Bar-coded label printer is to be purchased and pilot testing of barcode label needs to be carried out. Group 2 representatives explored different eMAR trolleys available in the market to identify the most suitable for our working environment. Our requirement is light weighted small trolley with 10 medication bin as 1 nurse is assign to 10 patients. Finally it was decided to purchase Atromick Medication Trolley. Purchase order was generated to have sample trolley to pilot. Trolley has been piloted successfully and received positive feedback from nursing users. Therefore, it was decided to purchase 72 more trolleys as required by nursing units. 46 trolleys will be purchase by October 2010 and remaining will be purchased in 2011. System feedback after pilot implementation Information technology seems to be more proficient and provide transparent alternative to manage issues/concerns smoothly. After pilot implementation of in-house developed eMAR software and Atromick medication trolley few strength and weaknesses were identified. We identified that most of the users in our hospital are not well computer literate. This lead to increase resistance and they prefer to use manual system. Another most important issue is lack of interest from some of the nursing managers. They even not agreed to initiate the pilot project and the main reasons were lack of staff, lack of computer literacy, lack of hardware availability on nursing floor and they felt it would increase staff workload. Their concerns were well taken and computer training had been provided to nursing staff before initiation and on regular basis as well. Moreover, extra computers have been provided on nursing floor before pilot implementation. Nursing director is working hard to increase number of staff but its difficult as currently nurses turnover rate in our organization is 17%. Lastly management group was explained that it definitely increase some workload initially but it save nurses time currently utilize on maintaining paper record and data retrieval as it will be more transparent. It also increases safety of the patient and their record and have ontime documentation of drug administration. Thus, pilot project has been put into practice for 30% of hospital beds. The pilot project helped us to be acquainted with the weaknesses of the system which includes: Lack of material resources human resources Gaps in software programming i.e. initially all the stat orders and single dose order automatically disappeared from the screen with drug stop time. This created frustration among users as they were not able to mark administration for pre post transfusion drugs, chemo therapy drug, pre post operative drugs. Another gap is related to infusion screen as nurses have to sign infusion record every hourly which increase their workload. Multiple time system got stuck/ slowdown/ non functional endorse resentence of users as they feel whole process is very slow Users highlighted that system is not user friendly On multiple occasion users identified that same drug appears twice on the screen. On investigation it was find out that its because physician enter new order for same drug without discontinuing the previous one. Therefore, modification is required in CPOE system. Unsatisfactory technical support Lack of training System usually found to be slow which lead to increase administration recording time Beside, this one of the most important issues is resistance from users side as it increases their workload as well as their accountability, because paper base system has provision to sign the administration record as per their own accord. Whereas, electronic system increase obligation for ontime documentation. Another most important weakness is related to patient safety issue as bar-coding system has not been initiated yet and users relays on manual identification of 5 rights. However, in conjunction with above resistance, users satisfaction survey conducted in July 2008 showed 79.9% satisfaction of users with the system. The results appear with positive feedback but they highlighted area for improvement. Their feedback enclosed request for multiple modification, for instance separate screen for cyctotoxic drug administration as this required to mark start and stop administration time with comments as these drugs administration time last for hour. Demand to generate multiple reports to view administration record, miss dose administration record, administration record of discharge patient, administration report of particular drug etc. Primarily system starts with single screen for all type of administration i.e. intravenous infusion, PRN and routine medication which overcrowd administration screen and create confusion. Therefore, requested to develop separate option for each. In-addition modification was requested for infusion screen as current option requi res to sign infusion every hourly. Survey also highlighted some of the strength of the system pointed out by users which include: System helps users to easily identify numbers of doses administered to particular patient for specific drug as data retrial is extremely easy, though sometimes it takes time due to slowness of the system but its faster than manual process as data retrieval is difficult with paper base system. In addition it helps users to identify miss doses, delayed administration and skipped administration. It decreases utilization of paper and save printing cost. It helps to identify reason for delayed miss dose administration Administration screen appears with current drug only i.e. due for administration for next dose time. System frequently update with changes in CPOE system and has good interface with pharmacy and admission system System is easy to operate and output (Administration reports) data from system is reliable and accessible System appears with detail information regarding drug including drug name, ID, required dose, dose time, route, frequency, star time and stop time, drug comments if any for safe administration. System is provided with dictionary based comments column for nurses to enter administration comments if any, in case of delayed, missed early administration. Paper base system utilizes nurses time to print medication label on drug review and then need to paste them in MAR sheet. This system omits all above and reviewed order in CPOE system automatically appears on eMAR screen for administration. Thus, many nurses found this system very effective the only concern is related to more time required at entry level. We identified that nurses with good computer skills are more positive towards IT systems. Chiang (2008) cited that Studies have shown that, for instance, nurses found that the IT system was good in aiding prevention of medication errorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.but required a lot of time in operating the system. Potential benefits of the system after complete implementation eMAR system can improve the administration record and will able to provide accurate administration time of the drug. It advances patient safety by right patient and right drug identification via bar-coding system. To elevate further safety option has been developed in a manner to mark administration after actual drug administration to the patient as system is not provided with any go back to your old ways option, which will help to increase reliability. System has been provided with mandatory option to enter comments for delayed administration or miss administration which will help later to identify causes and corrective action can be taken to improve business. Besides the safety of patient and its data, other supplementary benefits are cost and saving of storage space. Currently our hospital utilize huge amount ($15857/annum) of money for storage space. Although, these potential benefits are currently not very visible but it will be apparent with complete computerization of patients record. In addition an electronic system gathers all at one wave length and has standardized practice. This will provide opportunity to have good interface with national and international systems later. To get most out of it nurses suggested to provide medication order review screen drug formulary on eMAR system to save nurses time for multiple login. Kuperman Gibson (2003) cited This technology can yield many significant benefits and is an important platform for future changes to the health care system. Conclusions Patient safety is our main objective while working in clinical setting. Therefore, technology needs to be adopted to enhance safety. This will help to progress further. We all need to work continue to enhance computerization and involve information communication technology in hospital setting. Our organization actually works hard to achieve eMAR to increase patient safety and by 2011 we will certainly achieve our target to reduce medication administration error. Above report shows that eMAR system helps to increase safety, decrease medication administration error and safe printing cost. On top of it system will avoid wrong time error and have ontime documentation.

Nursing Profession

The Registered Nurse: Roles and Responsibilities from Past to PresentThe nursing profession forms a complex set of responsibilities that leans toward health care and well being. The Royal College of Nursing established six principles that elucidate the concept of the nursing profession. These six principles include the purpose, line of work, coverage, focus, value enhancement, and partnership programsSupporting health and preventing the occurrence of certain medical conditions and illnesses are the primary goals of nursing. The second principle is that the nursing profession serves as a mode of intervention, which determines the totality of an individual’s health care needs and looks through the attainment of these necessities. The domain that the nursing profession covers is limited to the health care needs of individuals, including physiological, psychological, mental, and social requirements.The fourth principle discusses the focus of the profession that lies on the entire being of a person with regards to health care treatment. Moreover, the foundations of the nursing practice are based on morally and ethically inclined responsibilities to human life. The sixth and the last principles of the nursing profession is the establishment of partnership of nurses with patients and their families, and other health care professionals in order to accomplish all the goals of nursing.Registered nurses are deemed to build the foundation of health care facilities. They carry out several roles and responsibilities such as involvements in patient care and instruction, health care assessments, and patient plans regarding discharge. Other known responsibilities of registered nurses include in depth knowledge about drugs and medicines for purposeful patient administration, as well as equipments and services in health care facilities, and the expression of care and compassion for those who are in dire need of health care attention.Over time, the roles and responsibilitie s of registered nurses have changed with the advent of technological advancements and the shifts to community health nursing. Technology offers nurses the opportunity for professional encroachment, as they are required to learn about new assistive technologies that are designed to assist in health care administration. Moreover, the shift of nursing practices to focus more on community health nursing emphasizes on the roles of nurses as an educator of health care practices and principles to the community. The nursing profession has also become specialized as nurses acquire specific roles within the health care facility.Becoming a NurseThere are several specializations available for nurses, such as available jobs in hospitals, clinics, residential homes, private home practice, etc. The route to becoming a nurse is dependent on an individual’s decisions regarding the type of nurse one wants to become. Nursing requires intensive education, because of the complexity of nursing rol es and responsibilities. Therefore, individuals must be willing to get involved with the demanding nature of nursing education. Moreover, individuals must be mentally and psychologically prepared to take on various challenging positions that nursing education might require.The Educational Aspect of Becoming a NurseThe educational aspect of nursing varies because of the differences and limitations with regards to the different nursing roles and specialization. Individuals may opt to start in school with an ADN (Associate Degree in Nursing), Hospital Diploma, or a BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing). An Associate Degree only requires two years of schooling. The obtainment of a diploma requires three years, and the Bachelor of Science Degree requires four years. Nursing schools require the completion of several courses, mostly related to sciences, and the attainment of standards regarding grade point averages. To become a registered nurse, passing the NCLEX is important. (â€Å"Becom e a Registered Nurse†)What do they Do?Individuals with hospital or nursing diplomas are more hands on with their work, although limited in in depth knowledge and skills of the nursing profession. An Associate Degree in Nursing, like the Hospital Diploma, is limited to the acquisition of technical skills only. For wider skills in management and administration, continuing to earn a Bachelor of Science Degree in education is advisable.Types of Nurses, and Where They WorkThere are several types of registered nurses, the associate nurse, the nurse who has completed a Bachelor of Science Degree, and the Nursing Practitioner. The Associate Nurse earned two years of education concentrating on one year of science related courses and another year for nursing practice. Associate Nurses have the opportunity to work in Extensive Care (outpatient, etc.), hospitals (specializing in medical surgery assistance), and private care (in a doctor’s office).Associate nurses are able to develo p their professions through further education and gaining experience in extensive care and hospitals, in becoming medical doctors, registered nurses, and a certified nursing assistant. For those who are in private care, alternatives include being medical doctors or registered nurses.Individuals who have gained a Bachelor’s degree in nursing may work in Extensive Care or hospitals. Job specifications are significantly concentrated on the managerial level in Extensive Care and more crucial jobs in hospitals, such as monitoring all aspects of health care and the administration of patient treatments, planning health care plans in intensive care, getting involved in community based health care, etc.For individuals who have completed a Bachelor’s degree in nursing, the role of nursing practitioner is open to them through the obtainment of a Masters Degree. Nursing practitioners, as they are able to work in hospitals and work in private care, are more like doctors, such that they are able to prescribe drugs and medications to their patients. By earning a master’s degree, they gain in depth knowledge about diagnostics and evaluation of health conditions. Moreover, nursing practitioners are able to administer patient referrals. Earning a master’s degree is important as it enhances their skills in preparation of being a nursing practitioner by undergoing research, social work, health care management, and health care education. These roles form the comprehensive roles and responsibilities of the nursing practitioner.Referencesâ€Å"Become a Registered Nurse.† (2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008, from All Star Directories, Inc.  Website: http://www.allnursingschools.com/faqs/be_rn.phpâ€Å"Registered Nurse-Associates.† (2004). Retrieved May 10, 2008, from MHA Health CareersCenter. Website: http://www.mshealthcareers.com/careers/rn-associates.htmRoyal College of Nursing. (2003). â€Å"Defining Nursing.† Retrieved May 9, 2008, f rom The RoyalCollege of Nursing. Website Nursing Profession The Registered Nurse: Roles and Responsibilities from Past to PresentThe nursing profession forms a complex set of responsibilities that leans toward health care and well being. The Royal College of Nursing established six principles that elucidate the concept of the nursing profession. These six principles include the purpose, line of work, coverage, focus, value enhancement, and partnership programsSupporting health and preventing the occurrence of certain medical conditions and illnesses are the primary goals of nursing. The second principle is that the nursing profession serves as a mode of intervention, which determines the totality of an individual’s health care needs and looks through the attainment of these necessities. The domain that the nursing profession covers is limited to the health care needs of individuals, including physiological, psychological, mental, and social requirements.The fourth principle discusses the focus of the profession that lies on the entire being of a person with regards to health care treatment. Moreover, the foundations of the nursing practice are based on morally and ethically inclined responsibilities to human life. The sixth and the last principles of the nursing profession is the establishment of partnership of nurses with patients and their families, and other health care professionals in order to accomplish all the goals of nursing.Registered nurses are deemed to build the foundation of health care facilities. They carry out several roles and responsibilities such as involvements in patient care and instruction, health care assessments, and patient plans regarding discharge. Other known responsibilities of registered nurses include in depth knowledge about drugs and medicines for purposeful patient administration, as well as equipments and services in health care facilities, and the expression of care and compassion for those who are in dire need of health care attention.Over time, the roles and responsibilitie s of registered nurses have changed with the advent of technological advancements and the shifts to community health nursing. Technology offers nurses the opportunity for professional encroachment, as they are required to learn about new assistive technologies that are designed to assist in health care administration. Moreover, the shift of nursing practices to focus more on community health nursing emphasizes on the roles of nurses as an educator of health care practices and principles to the community. The nursing profession has also become specialized as nurses acquire specific roles within the health care facility.Becoming a NurseThere are several specializations available for nurses, such as available jobs in hospitals, clinics, residential homes, private home practice, etc. The route to becoming a nurse is dependent on an individual’s decisions regarding the type of nurse one wants to become. Nursing requires intensive education, because of the complexity of nursing rol es and responsibilities. Therefore, individuals must be willing to get involved with the demanding nature of nursing education. Moreover, individuals must be mentally and psychologically prepared to take on various challenging positions that nursing education might require.The Educational Aspect of Becoming a NurseThe educational aspect of nursing varies because of the differences and limitations with regards to the different nursing roles and specialization. Individuals may opt to start in school with an ADN (Associate Degree in Nursing), Hospital Diploma, or a BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing). An Associate Degree only requires two years of schooling. The obtainment of a diploma requires three years, and the Bachelor of Science Degree requires four years. Nursing schools require the completion of several courses, mostly related to sciences, and the attainment of standards regarding grade point averages. To become a registered nurse, passing the NCLEX is important. (â€Å"Becom e a Registered Nurse†)What do they Do?Individuals with hospital or nursing diplomas are more hands on with their work, although limited in in depth knowledge and skills of the nursing profession. An Associate Degree in Nursing, like the Hospital Diploma, is limited to the acquisition of technical skills only. For wider skills in management and administration, continuing to earn a Bachelor of Science Degree in education is advisable.Types of Nurses, and Where They WorkThere are several types of registered nurses, the associate nurse, the nurse who has completed a Bachelor of Science Degree, and the Nursing Practitioner. The Associate Nurse earned two years of education concentrating on one year of science related courses and another year for nursing practice. Associate Nurses have the opportunity to work in Extensive Care (outpatient, etc.), hospitals (specializing in medical surgery assistance), and private care (in a doctor’s office). Associate nurses are able to devel op their professions through further education and gaining experience in extensive care and hospitals, in becoming medical doctors, registered nurses, and a certified nursing assistant. For those who are in private care, alternatives include being medical doctors or registered nurses.Individuals who have gained a Bachelor’s degree in nursing may work in Extensive Care or hospitals. Job specifications are significantly concentrated on the managerial level in Extensive Care and more crucial jobs in hospitals, such as monitoring all aspects of health care and the administration of patient treatments, planning health care plans in intensive care, getting involved in community based health care, etc.For individuals who have completed a Bachelor’s degree in nursing, the role of nursing practitioner is open to them through the obtainment of a Masters Degree. Nursing practitioners, as they are able to work in hospitals and work in private care, are more like doctors, such that they are able to prescribe drugs and medications to their patients. By earning a master’s degree, they gain in depth knowledge about diagnostics and evaluation of health conditions. Moreover, nursing practitioners are able to administer patient referrals. Earning a master’s degree is important as it enhances their skills in preparation of being a nursing practitioner by undergoing research, social work, health care management, and health care education. These roles form the comprehensive roles and responsibilities of the nursing practitioner.Referencesâ€Å"Become a Registered Nurse.† (2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008, from All Star Directories, Inc.Website: http://www.allnursingschools.com/faqs/be_rn.phpâ€Å"Registered Nurse-Associates.† (2004). Retrieved May 10, 2008, from MHA Health CareersCenter. Website: http://www.mshealthcareers.com/careers/rn-associates.htmRoyal College of Nursing. (2003). â€Å"Defining Nursing.† Retrieved May 9, 2008, from The RoyalCollege of Nursing. Website: http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/78564/001983.pdf

Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour Essay

Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 1. Utilitarianism 2. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 3. Virtue Ethics 4. Medical Ethics 5. Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. 6. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. 7. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 8. 9. Utilitarianism 10. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 11. Virtue Ethics 12. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 13. Utilitarianism 14. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 15. Virtue Ethics 16. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 17. Utilitarianism 18. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 19. Virtue Ethics 20. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 21. Utilitarianism 22. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 23. Virtue Ethics 24. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the  nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 25. Utilitarianism 26. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 27. Virtue Ethics 28. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 29. Utilitarianism 30. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 31. Virtue Ethics 32. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each  individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 33. Utilitarianism 34. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 35. Virtue Ethics 36. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 37. Utilitarianism 38. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 39. Virtue Ethics 40. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International  Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 41. Utilitarianism 42. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 43. Virtue Ethics 44. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 45. Utilitarianism 46. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 47. Virtue Ethics 48. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 49. Utilitarianism 50. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 51. Virtue Ethics 52. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 53. Utilitarianism 54. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 55. Virtue Ethics 56. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 57. Utilitarianism 58. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 59. Virtue Ethics 60. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 61. Utilitarianism 62. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 63. Virtue Ethics 64. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 65. Utilitarianism 66. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 67. Virtue Ethics 68. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual  living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 69. Utilitarianism 70. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 71. Virtue Ethics 72. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 73. Utilitarianism 74. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 75. Virtue Ethics 76. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of  the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 77. Utilitarianism 78. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 79. Virtue Ethics 80. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 81. Utilitarianism 82. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 83. Virtue Ethics 84. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to  give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 85. Utilitarianism 86. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 87. Virtue Ethics 88. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 89. Utilitarianism 90. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 91. Virtue Ethics 92. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 93. Utilitarianism 94. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 95. Virtue Ethics 96. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 97. Utilitarianism 98. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 99. Virtue Ethics 100. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 101. Utilitarianism 102. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 103. Virtue Ethics 104. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 105. Utilitarianism 106. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 107. Virtue Ethics 108. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 109. Utilitarianism 110. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 111. Virtue Ethics 112. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The  patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 113. Utilitarianism 114. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 115. Virtue Ethics 116. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 117. Utilitarianism 118. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 119. Virtue Ethics 120. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker.  It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 121. Utilitarianism 122. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 123. Virtue Ethics 124. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 125. Utilitarianism 126. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 127. Virtue Ethics 128. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic  care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 129. Utilitarianism 130. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 131. Virtue Ethics 132. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 133. Utilitarianism 134. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 135. Virtue Ethics 136. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 137. Utilitarianism 138. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 139. Virtue Ethics 140. Medical Ethics Ethic is concerned about the study of human behaviour. It provides a structure for dealing different kinds of issues, dilemmas and problems. Understanding the ethical concepts help the individual to decide the necessary action provide in the situation. According to the International Council of Nurses (1973), it is the healthcare workers responsibilities to give quality of care to prevent the infection and to ensure the holistic care of the patient. Hand hygiene practice is the responsibility of each individual who is working in the healthcare settings. The quality of care of the patient relies on personal beliefs and values of the healthcare worker. It is the right of responsibility of the healthcare workers including the nursing students to work with proper safety precaution. Every individual living in Finland has the right to receive a proper treatment and care. The patient will receive quality of care without further complications and prevention of infections during hospitalization 141. Utilitarianism 142. Duty Ethics (Deontology) 143. Virtue Ethics 144. Medical Ethics 145.